{LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.! 



jffcHF |«rarigW |o J 

| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. J 

■a 



^ 




( 



( 









\ 



> 



> 



A MANUAL 



OF 



Instruction in Latin 



ON THE BASIS OF 



A LATIN METHOD 



PREPARED BY 



J. H. ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH 



i 









■ 



BOSTON 

GINN BROTHERS 

1876 



^ 1 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by 

JOSEPH H. ALLEN, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



3 



Cambridge : 
Press of John Wilson 6> Son. 



PREFACE. 



This Manual retains from the " Latin Method " the general ar- 
U rangement of topics, the later reading selections, and a few state- 
ments in detail, especially the section on reading at sight, with 
much of what is said on the derivation and meaning of words. 
In all other respects it is an independent book, and one for which 
I am solely responsible. 

The object in view has been to provide a full year's course in 
Latin, which can be studied without the grammar. The fulness, 
the general statement, the scientific nomenclature required in a 
book of reference, ill adapt it to the beginner, bewildering him 
with theory before his mind is steadied and cleared by knowing 
the simpler facts. The thirty Lessons of Part First, with the ac- 
companying Exercises, contain, it is believed, all of the forms and 
constructions needed as a preparation for easy reading. ' These 
may be followed directly by the earlier selections of Part Fourth,* 
before proceeding to the more difficult constructions of Syntax. 

The Vocabulary to be used with these selections contains the 
more useful Roots as a guide to the proper study of words. The 
sections on the formation and meaning of words, with the illustra- 
tive lists on pages 126-128, and those given at the end of the book, 
will be found of advantage at this stage, for constant reference if 
not for class study. 

In the elementary lessons, and in the vocabularies, the practice 
has been followed of marking as long all vowels known to have 

* Taken from Kiihner's " Elementargrammatik," Hannover, 1866, 27th ed. 



iv Preface. 

been so regarded by the Romans. These have been held to 
include not only those long "by nature " or by " vowel-extension," 
but also those before the combinations nf and ns* together with a 
few others indicated by analogy, as amant. If a serious attempt 
is made to pronounce according to the " Roman Method," the best 
help will be to train the learner's ear to it from the start. 

The systematic study of Syntax is provided for in Part Second 
by very numerous classified illustrations, both in Latin \ and Eng- 
lish, which may be used for practice in the writing of Latin during 
a second year's course. The grammar is here referred to, con- 
stantly and minutely, as the subject seems to require ; but the 
topics may be treated orally, if preferred, the examples in Latin 
being taken (at sight) as a guide in the exercises which follow. 

The composition of this Manual has been studied wholly from 
the point of view of the elementary class-room ; and, while scien- 
tific accuracy has been aimed at, the convenience of teacher or 
learner has in no case been sacrificed to theoretical completeness. 
Forms have been very fully indicated in the vocabularies; and 
occasional references to the grammar in the earlier Lessons will 
enable the teacher to give such further detail as may here and 
there be desirable. 

My grateful acknowledgments are due to several of our best 
teachers, who have generously aided me by their counsel in the 
plan and in numerous details of the book. The entire work has 
received, in addition, the valuable revision and oversight of Dr. 
Henshaw, former Principal of Williston Seminary, Easthampton, 
Massachusetts. 

It may be worth while to add that the practice of tasking the 
beginner with a great mass of grammatical detail — which is fast 
coming to be considered a serious burden and harm to our scholar- 
ship — is one of comparatively recent date, and one which is not 
found (I believe) in any other country. The schoolboys of forty or 

* See Cicero, Orator, ch. 48. 
t Many of these are taken from Wright's " First Latin Steps." Macmillan, 1871. 



Preface. v 

fifty years ago, with less of theoretical accuracy and completeness 
in their studies, were relatively more familiar with the classic 
authors, and, there is reason to suppose, enjoyed them more, than 
those of a later day. A scientific etymology, and a syntax ex- 
pounded on the principles of comparative philology, are a positive 
and great gain in the newer school. But the detail of these 
studies appears to belong to the professional scholar ; while their 
results are best seen in making more vivid and clear the forms 
of ancient thought and expression that have come down to us. 
They may be of real help to the youngest learner ; but only 
when they make the way easier and brighter in which he has to 
travel. To smooth that way a little is the best service I can 
hope to render. 

J. H. A. 

Cambridge, August 21, 1876. 



" Thus, upon examination, we find that all that requires un- 
reasoning memory may be reduced to the following heads : — 

1. The five declensions, which include all adjectives and parti- 
ciples ; 

2. The rules for gender, and exceptions ; 

3. The four conjugations, active and passive, which latter voice 
includes sum; 

4. The irregular verbs, eo, volo, nolo, malo, possum; 

5. Syntax : two pages. 

All this might easily be comprehended within twenty-four octavo 
pages." 

D'Arcy W. Thompson, 

" Day-Dreams of a Schoolmaster." 



CONTENTS. 



PART I. — ELEMENTARY LESSONS. 

PAGB 

Lesson i. Pronunciation and Accent i 

2. The Inflection of Nouns 3 

3. First Declension of Nouns 4 

4. Second Declension of Nouns ....... 5 

5. Adjectives of First and Second Declensions . . 6 

6. Simple Sentence : Subject and Predicate ... 8 

7. „ Object-Accusative .... 9 

8. „ Questions ; Conjunctions . . 10 

9. Third Declension of Nouns 12 

10. Adjectives of the Third Declension 15 

11. Comparison of Adjectives 17 

12. Fourth and Fifth Declensions of Nouns ... 18 

13. Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative ... 18 

14. „ Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite 20 

15. Numerals 21 

16. Verbs: 1. Moods and Tenses 23 

17. „ 2. The Verb esse, to be 24 

18. „ 3. The Four Conjugations .... 26 

19. Regular Verb : 1st Conjugation, Active .... 28 

20. „ „ „ „ Passive ... 30 

21. „ „ Noun and Adjective Forms . . . 32 

22. „ „ 2d Conjugation 33 

23- » ft 3^ Conjugation 34 

24. „ „ 4th Conjugation ...... 36 

25. Deponent Verbs 37 

26. Irregular and Defective Verbs 38 

27. Particles 41 

28. Formation of Words : Verb Stems 42 

29. „ „ Nouns and Adjectives ... 43 

30. „ „ Derivatives and Compounds . 44 
Parallel Exercises 46-74 



viii Contents. 

PART II. — CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. 

PAGE 

Cases : — a. As Objects of Verbs. 

I. Object Accusative ; 2. Two Accusatives . . 75, j6 

3. Dative ; 4. Genitive ; 5. Ablative ..... 75-79 
d. As Modifying Adjectives. 

6. Genitive; 7. Dative. 80,81 

8. Ablative of Want ; 9. Of Source ; 10. Of Com- 
parison ; 11. Of Means and Supply; 12. Of 

Difference 82-85 

c. Miscellaneous. 

13. Adverbial Accusative ; 14. Ace. of Exclamation 86,87 
15. Dative of Possession; 16. Of Service; 17. Of 

Reference . . .4 [■. . . . 88-90 

18. Ablative Of Separation ; 19. of Cause ; 20. Of 
Means ; 21. Of Manner and Quality ; 22. Of 

Price ; 23. Of Specification ; 24. Locative . 91-96 

25. Predicate Genitive . 97 

26. Relations of Time and Space 97 

Moods and Tenses 99-103 

27. Independent Uses of the Subjunctive .... 199 

28. Historical Infinitive 101 

29. Sequence of Tenses 101 

Subordinate Constructions 103-113 

30. Conditional Clauses 103 

31. Disguised Conditions . 104 

32. Comparative Particles 105 

33. Temporal Clauses 106 

34. Purpose and Result 108 

35. Clause of Characteristic no 

36. Intermediate Dependent Clauses in 

37. Indirect Discourse 112 

Substantive Clauses 114-119 

38. Infinitive Clauses 114 

39. Substantive Clauses of Purpose 115 

40. Substantive Clauses of Result 117 

41. Substantive Clauses with Quod 118 

42. Indirect Questions 118 



□ 



Contents. ix 



PAGE 



Participial Constructions 120-123 

43. Participles : Predicate use 120 

44. Ablative Absolute 121 

45. Gerundive Constructions 122 

PART III. — ON READING LATIN. 

1. The Meaning of Words 124 

2. The Latin Sentence 129 

3. Reading at Sight * 133 

PART IV. — READING LESSONS. 

I. Fables § 139 

11. Dialogues 142 

in. Anecdotes 146 

IV. The Kings of Rome 148 

v. The War with Porsena. — Livy 151 

1. Horatius holds the Bridge ........ 151 

2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevola 152 

3. The Escape of Clcelia 154 

VI. Miscellaneous Selections 154 

1. A Haunted House.— Pliny 154 

2. A Sharper of Syracuse. — Cicero 155 

3. The Vale of Enna. — Id 156 

4. The Earth is made for Man. — \& 157 

5. The Heavens declare a Creator. — Id. ... 159 

6. An Active Old Age. — Id 160 

Notes • *6i 

Vocabulary: i. English and Latin 169 

2. Latin and English 185 



Table of Synonymes, etc. 



PART FIRST. 



ELEMENTARY LESSONS. 

Lesson i. 

Pronunciation and Accent. 

Note. — Pronunciation should be taught orally by the teacher. 
The pronunciation of Latin is different in different countries. 
Among us, it usually follows one of two ways, which may be called 
the Roman (or Phonetic) and the English. 

1. By the Roman (or Phonetic) method, every 
letter has always the same sounds as follows : — 

Vowels :• a as in father; a as in fast. 

e as in rein; € as in met. 

I as in machine; I as in pin ore piano. 

6 as in holy; 5 as in wholly. 

u as in rude (po in boot) ; vl as mfull. 
N.B. — Vowels marked thus, a, e, 1, 6, u, are long; marked 
thus, a, e, i, 6, ii, are short. A long syllable is reckoned equal 
to two short ones. 

Diphthongs : ae like ay; l oe like oy ; au like ow. 

ei as in eight; eu as ew; 2 ui as we (oo'ee). 
Consonants : c and g are always hard, as in come, get. 
s is always sharp, as in sea, lips. 
j is like y; v like w (or v); qu as in English. 
bs is like ps ; ch like k ; ph like f. 

2. By the English method, the letters have the 
same sound as in English; but — 

a. There are no silent letters, each word having as many 
syllables as there are vowels or diphthongs. 

b. Final a is pronounced as in America; but in the mono- 
syllables a, da, qua, sta, the long sound is sometimes given. 

1 Particle of Affirmation. 2 As in few. 



2 Latin Method. 

c. The diphthongs ae, oe, are pronounced like ee ; au like aw; 
eu like ew ; ei and ui like i in kite ; es and (in plural words) os 
at the end of a word, as in disease, ?norose. 

d. The consonants c and g are made soft (like s and j) before 
e, i, y, ae, oe, eu ; ch is always hard, as in chasm, chemist, 

3, The following are general Rules of Quantity : — 

a. A vowel before another vowel or h is short : as in via, nihiL 

b. A diphthong is long : as in aedes, foedus. 

c. A syllable formed by contraction is long : as, nil (nihil). 

d. A syllable in which a vowel is followed by two consonants, 
or a double consonant (x, z), is long : as in rectus, rexit. 

e. A syllable in which a short vowel is followed by a mute 
with 1 or r is common ; i. e. it may be long in verse : as in alacris. 

4. The following are Rules of Accent : — 

a. Words of two syllables are always accented on the first 
syllable. 

b. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the 
Penult, if that is long : as, aml'cus ; if it is short Or common, then 
on the Antepenult : as, do'mmus, alacris. 

Definition : The Penult is the last syllable but one ; the Ante- 
penult, the last but two. 



Lesson 2. 

The Inflection of Nouns. 

1. Nouns are of three Genders, masculine (m.), 
feminine (f.), and neuter (n.). 

a. Names of 7nale beings, rivers, winds, and mountains are 
Masculine. 

b. Names of female beings, cities, countries, and plants, are 
Feminine. 

c. Neuter nouns include indeclinable nouns, terms or phrases 
used as nouns, and words quoted merely for their form. 

d. Many names of Things — as lapis (m.), a stone, mensa (f.), 
a table — are masculine or feminine. 

e. Nouns which may be of either gender according to sex are 
said to be of Common gender (c.) : as, dux, leader; bos, ox or cow. 



Elementary Lessons. 3 

2. Nouns are declined in two Numbers, singular 
and plural; and in six Cases, nominative, genitive, 
dative ', accusative, vocative, ablative. 

a. The Nominative is the case of the Subject of a sentence 
(see Lesson 6). 

b. The Genitive may generally be translated by the English 
Possessive, or with the preposition of. 

c. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object: it may usually 
be translated with the preposition to or for; but sometimes 
corresponds to the English Objective. 

d. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object (see Lesson 
7) : it is used with most of the Latin Prepositions. 

e. The Vocative is the case of Direct Address. 

f. The Ablative may usually be translated with the prepositions 
from, by, with, in, or at. 

g. All the cases, except the nominative and vocative, may be 
used as object-cases ; and are sometimes called oblique cases. 

N. B. — The meanings and uses of the Cases, which are very 
numerous, will be shown in the "Constructions of Syntax" (pages 
75 to 99). 

3. Nouns are inflected in five Declensions, which 
are thus distinguished : — 

Decl. 1. Gen. sing, ae Characteristic a 

» „ i » 5 

9 „ Is „ I or a Consonant. 

„ us (uis) „ ii 

» » ei » e 

a. A syllable having a signification of its own, from which that 
of a word is derived, is called a Root : thus from the root sta, 
stand, is derived the word unstable (that which cannot stand). 

b. The body of a word, to which the terminations are attached, 
is called a Stem : thus in mllit-is, of a soldier, the stem is milit-. 

c. The last letter of the stem is called the stem-letter or charac- 
teristic; when a vowel, it is often blended with the termination : 
as, currus for curru-is. 

Note. — In the following Lessons, and in the Vocabularies, only 
long vowels are, in general, marked. Those **not marked, whether 
or not long by position, are to be considered short or common. 



» 


2. 


» 


3. 


» 


4. 


J> 


5- 



Lathi Method. 



Lesson 3. 

First Declension of Nounj- 

I. Learn the inflection of Stella (f.), giving the 
name and meaning of all the Cases, as follows (§ 9) : 



Nominative. 

Genitive. 

Dative. 

Accusative. 

Vocative. 

Ablative. 



singular. 
Stella, a (or the) star. 
stellae, of a star. 
stellae, to a star. 
stellam, a star. 
Stella, thou star / 
Stella, with a star. 



PLURAL. 

stellae, stars. 
stellarum, of stars. 
stellis, to stars. 
Stellas, stars. 
stellae,^ stars / 
stellis, with stars. 



2. In like manner decline the following : 



Athenae (f. plur.), Athens. 
copiae (f. plur .), forces. 
dea (f ), goddess (a). 
f ilia (f.), daughter (a). 
insula (f.), island. 
nauta (m.), sailor. 



patria (f.), native-land. 
porta (f.), gate. 
Roma (f.), Rome (b). 
silva (f.), wood, forest. 
terra (f.), earth, land. 
via longa (f.), a long way (c). 



a. The dative and ablative plural of dea, filia, and a few other 
words, end in abus (see 2. e).* 

b. The singular form Romae is used to mean at Rome; and the 
plural form Athenis to mean at Athens (2. c). These forms 
are called Locative (see Rule 36, p. 163). 

c. Adjectives (as longa) are declined like nouns. 

3. Decline the following Greek nouns : — 

comet (m.). laurel (f.), jEneas (m.). Anchises (m.). 

daphne Aeneas Anchises 

daphnes (ae) Aeneae Anchlsae 

daphne (ae) Aeneae Anchlsae 

daphnen Aenean (am) Anchlsen 

daphne Aenea (a) Anchlse (a) 

daphne (a) Aenea Anchlse (a) 

a. These nouns are inflected regularly in the plural. 

b. Most nouns of the first declension are Feminine. 
See Exercise, page 46. 

* The References are to Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. 



Nom. 


cometes (a) 


Gen. 


cometae 


DAT. 


cometae 


Ace. 


cometen (am) 


Voc. 


cometa 


Abl. 


cometa (e) 



Ele7nentary Lessons. 



Lesson 4. 

Second Declension of Nouns. 

Learn the inflection of the following (§ 

SINGULAR. 

slave (m.). boy (m.). book (m.) 

puer liber 

pueri libri 

puero libro 

puerum librum 

puer liber 

puero libr5 



10): — 



Nom. 


serviis 


Gen. 


servi 


DAT. 


servo 


Ace. 


servum 


Voc. 


serve 


Abl. 


servS 


Nom. 


servi 


Gen. 


servoru 


DAT. 


servis 


Acc. 


servos 


Voc. 


servi 


Abl. 


servis 



man (m.). 


war (n.). 


vir 


bellum 


viri 


belli 


vir5 


bello 


virum 


bellum 


vir 


bellum 


viro 


bellS 


viri 


bella 


virorum 


bellorum 


viris 


bellis 


viros 


bella 


viri 


bella 


viris 


bellis 



PLURAL. 

pueri libri 

servorum puerorum librorum 

pueris libris 

pueros libros 

pueri libri 

pueris libris 

a. Nouns of this declension ending in us, er, and ir, are mascu- 
line ; those in urn are neuter. (For exceptions, see 3. a, b). 

b. All Latin nouns in um are declined like bellum (n.). In 
all neuter nouns, the nom. acc. and voc. plural end in a. 

c. Notice that nouns in us of this declension are the only Latin 
nouns which have the vocative different from the nominative. 

d. Proper names in ius, with fllius, son, lose e in the vocative 
(so mi from meus, my) : as, mi f ili, my son (4. c). 

e. The vocative of deus is deus ; the plural nom. and voc. are 
dei, dii, or di; dat. and abl. deis, diis, or dis (4./). 

f. The Locative form is like the genitive in the singular : as, 
Corinthi, at Corinth ; humi, on the ground; vesperi, at evening. 
In the plural it is like the ablative : as, Gabiis, at Gabii (4. a). 

g. A few Greek nouns end in os, on, instead of us, um. Names 
ending in eus (like Orpheus) are declined thus (7. a) : — 

Nom. Orpheus Dat. Orphei Voc. Orpheu 

Gen. Orphei (or eos) Acc. Orphea Abl. Orpheo 

h. Decline together servus bonus, a good slave j puer miser, 
unhappy boy. 

See Exercise, page 46. 



Latin Method. 



Lesson 5. 



Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 
PART FIRST. 

Learn the inflection of the following : — 









MASC. 


FEM. 


NEUT. 




Sing. 


NOM. 


bonus 


bona 


bonum, Good. 






Gen. 


boni 


bonae 


boni 






DAT. 


bono 


bonae 


bono 






Acc. 


bonum 


bonam 


bonum 






Voc. 


bone 


bona 


bonum 






Abl. 


bono 


bona 


bon5 




Plur. 


Nom. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 






Gen. 


bonorum bonarum 


bonorum 






DAT. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 






Acc. 


bonos 


bonas 


bona 






Voc. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 






Abl. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 


Sing. 




Miser, wretched. 


Niger, black. 


N., V 


. miser 


misera 


miserum niger 


nigra nigrum 


Gen. 


miseri 


miserae 


miser! nigri 


nigrae nigri 


Dat. 


miserd 


miserae 


miserd nigro 


nigrae nigro 


Ace. 


miserum 


miseram 


miserum nigrum 


nigram nigrum 


Abl. 


miserd 


misera 


miserd nigro 


nigra nigro 



The plural of these adjectives is declined like that of bonus. 

Observe that the declension of Adjectives of this form is pre- 
cisely the same as that of the corresponding nouns, servus, puer, 
liber (m.) ; stella (f.), bellum (n.). 

Rule. — Adjectives agree with their nouns in 
gender, number, and case. 

Decline together the following, making the Adjective agree 
with the Noun in gender, number, and case: — 

vir bonus, a good man ; hasta valida, a strong spear; 

taurus niger, a black bull; bellum longum, a long war; 

servus miser, a wretched slave; filius meus, my son (d. p. 5). 

Adverbs are formed from these adjectives by changing the case- 
ending to e: as, valide, strongly; misere, wretchedly. 



Elementary Lessons. 



PART SECOND. 



I. Decline the singular of the following : — 





M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


Nom. 


unus 


una 


unum 


uter 


utra 


utrum 


Gen. 


unlus 


unlus 


unlus 


utrius 


utrius 


utrius 


Dat. 


unl 


unl 


unl 


utrl 


utri 


utri 


Ace. 


unum 


unam 


unum 


utrum 


utram 


utrum 


Abl. 


find 


una 


tino 


utro 


utra 


utro 


Nom. 


alius 


alia 


aliud 


alter 


altera 


alterum 


Gen. 


alius 


alius 


alius 


alterius 


alterius 


alterius 


Dat. 


alii 


alii 


alii 


alter! 


alter! 


alter! 


Ace. 


alium 


aliam 


aliud 


alterum 


alteram 


alterum 


Abl. 


alio 


alia 


alio 


altero 


altera 


altero 



The plural is declined regularly, like that of bonus. 
The following are declined as above : — 

alius (n. aliud), other, nullus, none, ullus, any (with negatives). 
alter, other (of two) . solus, alone, unus, one. 
neuter, -trius, neither, totus, whole, titer, -trius, which (of two). 
Observe that these, except alius, differ from the regular declen- 
sion only in the genitive and dative singular, which end in lus and I 
for all the genders. In the plural, all are declined like bonus. From 
their signification they are rarely or never found in the vocative. 

Duo, two, and ambo, both, are thus declined : — 



Nom. 


duo 


duae 


duo 


Gen. 


duorum 


duarum 


duorum 


Dat. 


duobus 


duabus 


duobus 


Ace. 


duos (duo) 


duas 


duo 


Abl. 


duobus 


duabus 


duobus 



2. Many adjectives in the singular, and most ad- 
jectives in the plural, may be used as Nouns: thus, 

bona, good things (property). 
Latini, the Latins. 
Sabinae, the Sabine women. 

Rule. — A noun used to describe another ', and 
meaning the sa?ne thing, agrees with it in case : as, 

Homerus poeta ; Roma patria nostra ; Gabii oppidum. 
See Exercise, page 47. 



liber, a free man. 
amicus, a friend. 
Romanus, a Roman. 



8 Latin Method. 

Lesson 6. 

Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate. 

Definition. — The Subject of a sentence is the 
-person or thing spoken of : the Predicate is that 
which is stated of the subject (§ 45, 2). 

1. Every complete sentence must contain a Subject 
and a Verb. The Subject is in the nominative case 
(§ 49, 2) : as, 

equus currit, the horse runs. 
regina sedet, the queen sits. 

Note. — In certain constructions, a verb is put in the Infinitive 
mood, in which case its subject becomes the Accusative (Less. 21). 

2. In Latin, the subject may be a personal pronoun 
contained in the termination of the verb itself: as, 

aro, I plough (am ploughing) ; sedemus, we sit; curritis, you run. 

Note. — This is true, in general, only when the verb is of the 
first or second person. With the third person, a definite subject 
must be expressed, unless implied in what goes before or follows. 

3. Learn the following forms of the verb esse, 
to be : — 

PRESENT. 

sum, / am. sumus, we are. 

es, thou art {you are). estis, you are. 

est, he {she, it) is. sunt, they are. 

imperfect. 
eram, / was. eramus, we were. 

eras, thou wast {you were). eratis, you were, 
erat, he {she, it) was. erant, they were. 

Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the 
terminations are alike for each person : thus, 

Singular i.-m Plural i.-mus 

2. -s 2. -tis 

3--t 3- - n * 



Elementary Lessons. 9 

Rule. — The case of the Predicate, after esse, is 
the same with that of the Subject. 

Examples. 

i. Puerl sumus, we are boys. 

2. Stellae lucidae erant, the stars were bright 

3. ParatI non eramus, we were not ready. 

4. Viri boni sunt, 1 they are good men. 

5. Roma patria est nostra, Rome is our ?iative city. 

6. Prisci Roman! erant agricolae, the early Romans were 
farmers. 

1 This sentence may be translated they (some persons previously re- 
ferred to, and implied in the termination) are good men ; or, the meii are 
good ; also (considering sunt as a substantive verb), there are good men. 
In the first case, boni and viri are both predicate ; in the second, viri 
is subject and boni predicate ; in the third, both are in the subject. 

See Exercise, page 48. 

Lesson 7. 

Simple Sentence : 2. Object Accusative. 

Definition. — The Object of a verb is that on 
which its action is exerted. 

Rule. — The Accusative is the case of the direct 
object of a transitive verb. 

i. The action of many verbs (called Transitive 
verbs) passes over upon an object, which must be 
expressed to complete the sense : as, 

vocat f ilium, he calls (his) son. 

videmus lunam et Stellas, we see the moon and stars. 

a. With certain verbs, the genitive, dative, or ablative may be 
used as an object-case, where the corresponding English verbs 
require the objective (see p. 75). 

b. Many verbs transitive in Latin are translated in English by a 
verb requiring a preposition (intransitive) : as, 

pecuniam postulo, I ask for (demand) money. 
petit aprum, he aims at the boar. 



io Latin Method. 

2. Learn the following verb-forms of the First and 

Second conjugations : — 

i. 
voco, / call. vocamus, we call. 

vocas, you call {thou callest). vocatis, you call. 

vocat, he (she, it) calls. vocant, they call. 

II. 

video, / see. videmus, we see. 

vides, j/07/ see (thoii seest). videtis, you see. 

videt, he {she, it) sees. vident, they see. 

Upon comparing these forms, the learner will notice that the 
first has a and the second e before the terminations. These vowels 
are characteristic of two different conjugations called the first 
and second. In the first person singular, voca-o has been con- 
tracted into voco. 

Like voco inflect the following : — 

amo, 1 love. do, 1 give. laudo, 1 praise. 

aro, 1 plough. juvo, 1 help. pugno, 1 fight. 

Like video inflect the following: — 

doceo, 2 teach. noceo, 2 injure. timeo, 2 fear. 

habeo, 2 have. sedeo, 2 sit. valeo, 2 be strong. 

See Exercise, page 49. 

Lesson 8. 

Simple Sentence: 3. Special Forms. 

i. Questions. — Questions in Latin are introduced 
by Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs, or Particles, and 
are not distinguished by the order of the words, as 
in English. 

a. A Question of simple fact, requiring the answer yes or no, 
is formed in Latin by adding the syllable -ne {enclitic) to the 
emphatic word : as, 

erasne Caesaris amicus? were you (in fact) Casar's friend? 
tune eras Caesaris amicus ? were you a friend of Ccesar t 
Note. — Sometimes the interrogative particle is omitted, when 
no sign of a question appears except in the punctuation (§ 71, i. r). 



Elementary Lessons. n 

b. A Question asking of some circumstance about the fact is 
formed by prefixing to the sentence an interrogative word. Such 
words are — 

quis? who? ubi? where? quando ? when? quare? why? 
quomodo? how? qualis? of what sort? quantus? how great? 

Note. — A Question of this form becomes an exclamation by 
omitting the mark of interrogation, or (in speech) by changing the 
inflection of the voice. 

c. When the syllable -ne is added to a negative word, — as 
nonne, — an affirmative answer is expected. The particle num 
implies a negative answer : as, 

nonne eras Caesar is amicus ? were you not Casar's friend? 
num eras Caesaris inimicus? were you an enemy of Cessans? 
(surely not) : i.e. you were not, were you ? 

d. A double or alternative question is usually asked by utrum 
and an (see § 71, 2): as, utrum amicus Caesaris an inimicus 
eras, were you a friend or an enemy of Ccesar ? 

e. There is no word in Latin meaning simply yes or no. Hence, 
in answering a question, the verb is generally repeated : as, 

valesne? are you well? valeo,j^ (" I am well "). 
aderasne ? were you there ? non aderam, no. 

2. Conjunctions. — Two simple sentences are often 
connected by Conjunctions, and make a single sen- 
tence. 

a. The commonest Conjunctions are the following : — 

et, and. aut, vel, or. nee (neque), nor = and not. 

sed, but. -que (enclitic), and. atque (sometimes ac before a 

at, but yet. quoque, also. consonant) , and besides. 

b. The following are often repeated in the different parts of the 
sentence, for the sake of distinction or emphasis : — 

et or -que, both . . . and. nee or neque, neither . . . nor. 
aut (vel), either . . . or (compare utrum ... an, whether . . . or). 

c. It is very common, in sentences thus made up of two or more 
members, to express in one part what must be understood in the 
rest {ellipsis) : as, 

C. Gracchus amicus plebis erat, Scipiones inimici [plebis 
erant], Caius Gracchus was a friend of the commons, the 
Scipios [were their] enemies. 

See Exercise, page 50. 



12 



Latin Method. 



Lesson 9. 

Third Declension of Nouns. 

PART FIRST. 

i. Decline the following (§ 11, iii.). 



Sing. 


help (F.). 


king (m.). 


light (f.). 


soldier (.M.) 


head (n.) 


N., V. 


[ops] 


rex 


lux 


miles 


caput 


Gen. 


opis 


regis 


lucis 


militis 


capitis 


DAT. 


opi 


regi 


luci 


militi 


capiti 


Ace. 


opem 


regem 


lucem 


mili tern 


caput 


Abl. 


ope 


rege 


luce 


milite 


capite 


Plur. 


wealth. 










N., V. 


opes 


rege3 


luces 


milites 


capita 


Gen. 


opum 


regum 


lucum 


militum 


capitum 


DAT. 


opibus 


regibus 


lucibus 


militibus 


capitibus 


Ace. 


opes 


regis 


luces 


milites 


capita 


Abl. 


opibus 


regibus 


lucibus 


militibus 


capitibus 


2. I 


n like manner decline : — 






princeps, ipis (c.), chief. 


apex, icis (u.\peak. 


custos, odis (m.), guard. 


cor, 


, cordis (n.), 


heart. 


aestas, atis (f. 


), summer. 


poema, atis i^.\poem. 



a. In these nouns, the Stem ends in a 7nute consonant. 

b. The nominative singular of masculine and feminine nouns is 
formed by adding s to the stem; sometimes (as in miles) with a 
change of vowel. 

c. The letter t or d is lost before s ; c or g is joined with s and 
becomes x. 

d. In Neuter nouns, the accusative is always the same as the 
nominative. 

e. In a few Greek nouns (as lampas), the genitive singular ends 
in 6s, and the accusative in a; and the accusative plural in as. 

Examples. 

i. Opes 1 amplas philosophus habet. 

2. Non est vera voluptas sine virtute. 

3. Fata nullae preces commovent. 

4. Non hospes ab hospite tutus erat. 

1 The singular (meaning help) is not used in the Nominative. 



Elementary Lessons, 



13 



PART SECOND. 

I • Decline the following : — 
Sing, consul (m.). lion (m.). maiden (f.). name (n.). body (x.). 



N., V., consul leo 

Gen. consulis leonis 

Dat. consul! leoni 

Ace. consulem leonem 

Abl. consule leone 



virgo 

Virginia 

virgin! 

virginem 



nomen 

nominis 

nomini 

nomen 

nomine 



corpus 

corporis 

corpor! 

corpus 

corpore 



Plur. 

N.,V. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 



consules leone3 

consulum leonum 

consulibus leonibus 

consules leones 



nomina corpora 
nominum corporum 
virginibus no minibus corporibus 
virgines nomina corpora 



Abl. consulibus leonibus virginibus nominibus corporibus 
2. In like manner decline : — 



homo, inis (a), man. 
mulier, eris (f.), wo77tan. 
pulvis, eris (m.), dust, 
honor (6s), oris (m.), honor. 
pater, tris (m.), father. 



oratio, onis (f.), discourse. 
fulgur, uris (n.), lightning. 
fulmen, inis (n.), thunderbolt, 
genus, eris (n.), race, birth, 
iter, itineris, (n.), journey. 



a. In these nouns the Stem ends in a liquid (1, n, r). 

b. The nominative is the same as the stem (sometimes chang- 
ing the vowel) ; but n in masculine and feminine nouns is dropped 
in the nominative, and some apparently r-stems have s (§ 11, ii. d). 

c. Nouns in o, onis (as leo), are Masculine. Those in io, 
ionis, are also masculine in many names of visible objects, as scipio, 
a staff; but when abstract or collective — as proditio, treason; 
legio, legion — they are Feminine. 

d. These four, imber, linter, uter, venter, with glis, mas, 
mus, ren, have the genitive plural in ium (see page 14). 

Examples. 

i. Homines vana gloriae imago tenet. 

2. Nemo vere aestimat tempus. 

3. Genus ex alto sanguine deorum habemus. 

4. Mira fulminis opera sunt. Fulmina fatorum ordinem 
nuntiant ; olei et unguent! teter post fulmen odor est. 



H 



Latin Method. 



PART THIRD. 

i. Decline the following : — 
Sing, tower (f.). cloud (f.). sea (n.). 



animal (n.). ^//y (f.) 



N., V. 


turris 


nubes 


mare 


Gen. 


turris 


nubis 


maris 


DAT. 


turri 


nubi 


mari 


Ace. 


turrem (im 


) nubem 


mare 


Abl. 


turre (i) 


nube 


mari 


Plur. 








N., V. 


turres 


nubes 


maria 


Gen. 


turrium 


nubium 


marium 


DAT. 


turribus 


nubibus 


maribus 


Ace. 


turres (is) 


nubes (is) 


maria 


Abl. 


turribus 


nubibus 


maribus 



animal 

animalis 
animali 
animal 
animali 

animalia 

animalium 

animalibus 

animalia 

animalibus 



urbs 

urbis 
urbi 
urbem 
urbe 

urbes 
urbium 
urbibus 
urbes (is) 
urbibus 



2. In like manner decline : — 
ovis, is (f.), sheep. calcar, aris (n.), spur. 

clades (f.), disaster. pars, partis (f.), part. 

imber, bris (m.), rain-storm. mus, muris (m.), mouse. 

a. Nouns of this class are called vowel or i-stems. They are, 
I. Those in is, es (mostly F.), with neuters in e, al, ar; 2. Mono- 
syllables with stem ending in two consonants ; 3. Most nouns in 
ns or rs, some in as, with a few of one syllable. They are thus 
distinguished: — 

1. All have the gen. plur. in item; 2. Neuters have nom. and ace. plur. in ia; 
3. The ace. plur. (m. or f. ) is often written Is; 4. A few in the ace. sing, end in 
im; 5. The abl. sing, of all neuters, and of many m. or f., ends in i. (Gr. p. 18). 

b. Masculine endings of this declension are or, os, er, es; 
feminine are as, es, is, ys, x; do, go, io, us; neuter are a, e, i, y; 
c, t, 1 ; men, ar, ur iis. 



3- 


u 


ecline t 


he tollow 


ing, Ot J 


)eculiai 


• lnnectK 


3n : 


Sing. 




ox, 0. 


old man, M. 


flesh, Y. 


botie, N. 


force, p. 


swine, C. 


N,V 




bos 


senex 


caro 


6s 


VIS 


BUS 


Gen. 




bovis 


senis 


carnis 


ossis 


vis (rare) 


suis 


Dat. 




bovi 


seni 


earn! 


ossi 





SUl 


Ace. 




bovem 


senem 


carnem 


OS 


vim 


suem 


Abl. 




bove 


sene 


came 


osse 


vi 


sue 


Plur. 




cattle. 








strength. 




N., A. 


,v. 


boves 


series 


carries 


ossa 


vires 


sues 


Gen. 

Dat., 




bourn 
bobus 


senum 
senibus 




ossium 
ossibus 


virium 
viribus 


suum 
stibus 


Abl. 


carnibus 






(bubus) 










(suibus) 



See Exercise, page 51 



Elementary Lessons. 



15 



Lesson 10, 



Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

PART FIRST, 



Learn the following inflections 



Sing. 


M., F. light. N. 


M. keen 


. F. 


N. 


N., V. 


levis 


leve 


acer 


acris 


acre 


Gen. 


levis 


levis 


acris 


acris 


acris 


DAT. 


levl 


lev! 


acri 


acri 


acri 


Ace. 


levexn 


leve 


acrem 


acrem 


acre 


Abl. 


levi 


levi 


acri 


acri 


acri 


Plur. 












N.,V. 


leves 


levia 


acres 


acres 


acria 


Gen. 


levium 


levium 


acrium 


acrium 


acrium 


DAT. 


levibus 


levibus 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Ace. 


leves (is) 


levia 


acres (is) 


acres (is) 


acria 


Abl. 


levibus 


levibus 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 



Adjectives declined like levis are called adjectives of two ter- 
minations. 

Twelve adjectives, — deer, aldcer, campester, celeber, equester, 
paliister, puter, saliiber, Silvester, terrester, volucer, with celer, 
ceteris, celere — are declined like levis, except that the masculine 
nominative and vocative singular end in er. They are called 
adjectives of three terminations. 

part second. 

Decline the following adjectives of consonant stems : 



Sing. 


m., F. fierce. N. 


M., F. needy. N. 


N., V. 


atrox 


egens 


Gen. 


atrocis 


egentis 


DAT. 


atroci 


egenti 


Ace. 


atrocem atrox 


egentem egens 


Abl. 


atroce or atroci 


egente or egenti 


Plur. 






N., V. 


atroces atrocia 


egentes egentia 


Gen. 


atrocium 


egentium 


DAT. 


atrocibus 


egentibus 


Ace. 


atroces (is) atr5cia 


egentes (is) egentia 


Abl. 


atrocibus 


egentibus 



i6 



Latin Method. 



Sing. 


m., f. rich. n. 


M., F. fertile. N. 


M., F. old. N. 


N., V. 


dives 


iiber 


vetus 


Gen. 


dlvitis 


uberis 


veteris 


DAT. 


dlviti 


ubeii 


veteri 


Acc. 


divitem dives 


uberem iiber 


veterem vetus 


Abl. 


divite (I) 


ubere (i) 


vetere (i) 


Plur. 








N., V. 


divites [ditia] 


fberes libera 


veteres vetera 


Gen. 


divitum 


uberum 


veterum 


DAT. 


divitibus 


iiberibus 


veteribus 


Acc. 


divites [ditia] 


iiberes ubera 


veteres vetera 


Abl. 


divitibus 


iiberibus 


veteribus 



a. These are called adjectives of one termination^ having only- 
one form in the nominative singular. 

b. When used as nouns, they have the ablative singular in e ; 
otherwise more commonly in I. 

c. Adverbs are formed from adjectives of the third declension 
by adding ter to the stem : as, leviter, lightly ; atrociter, fiercely. 

2. Decline the following Comparatives : — 



Sing. 


m., F. better. n. 


N., V. 


melior melius 


Gen. 


melioris 


DAT. 


meliori 


Acc. 


meliorem melius 


Abl. 


meliore or 1 


Plur. 




N., V. 


meliores meliora 


Gen. 


meliorum 


DAT. 


melioribus 


Acc. 


meliores meliora 


Abl. 


melioribus 



more. 



n. 
plus 

pliiris 

plus 
plure 



plures plura (ia) 

plurium 
pliiribus 

plures plura (ia) 

pliiribus 

a. The singular plus is only used as a neuter noun ; the geni- 
tive (rarely ablative), as an expression of value. 

b. The neut. sing. acc. of comparatives is used as an adverb : as, 
levius, more lightly ; atrocius, more fiercely. 

Examples. 

i, Viri fortes pericula non timent. 

2. Non omnis via brevis est facilis. 

3. Custos es pauperis horti. 

See Exercise, page 53. 



Elementary Lessons. 17 

Lesson n. 

Comparison of Adjectives. 

1. The Comparative is formed by adding ior, and 

the Superlative by adding issimus, to the stem of the 

positive : as, 

altus, high; altior, higher; altissimus, highest. 
levis, light; levior ; levissimus. 
atrox, fierce ; atrocior; atrocissimus. 
egens, needy ; egentior; egentissimus. 

N. B. If the stem ends in a vowel, this vowel is dropped before 
these terminations. For the inflection of comparatives, see p. 16. 

a. Adjectives in er form the superlative by adding -rimus : as, 

miser, miserior, miserrimus ; also, 
vetus, [vetustior] veterrimus. 

b. The following form the superlative by adding -limus : facilis, 
difficilis, similis, dissimilis, gracilis, humilis : as, 

similis, like; similior, simillimus. 

c. The following are compared irregularly : — 

bonus, melior, optimus, good, better, best. 
malus, pejor (peior), pessimus, bad, worse, worst. 
magnus, major (maior), maximus, great, greater, greatest, 
parvus, minor, minimus, small, smaller, smallest. 
multum (n.), plus, plurimum, much, more, most. 
multi, plures, plurimi, many, more, most. 
For other irregular and defective forms, see Grammar, pp. 39, 40. 

2. Adverbs formed from adjectives are compared 

as follows : — 

altus, high : alte, altius, altissime. 
miser, wretched: misere, miserius, miserrime. 
levis, light : leviter, levius, levissime. 
similis, like : similiter, similius, simillime. 
bonus, good : bene, melius, optime. 
malus, bad: male, pejus, pessime. 

Rule. — The comparative degree may be followed 
by the ablative : as, 

eloquentior Cicerone, more eloquent than Cicero. 

See Exercise, page 54. 

2 



i8 



Latin Method. 



i. 

Sing. 

N., V, 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 

Plur. 

N.,V, 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 



Lesson 12. 

Fourth and Fifth Declensions* 

Decline the following : — 

hand(F.). lake (m.). house (F.) knee (n.) 
lacus 



manus 

manus 
manui 
manum 
manu 



lacus 
lacui 
lacum 
lacu 



domus 

domus 

domui 

domum 

domo 



genu 

genu (us) 
genu 
genu 
genu 



day (m.). 
dies 

die! 
die! 
diem 
die 



manus lacus domus genua dies 

manuum lacuum domorum genuum dierum 

manibus lacubus domibus genibus diebus 

manus lacus domos genua dies 

manibus lacubus domibus genibus diebus 

a. The following nouns of the fourth declension have the dative 
and ablative plural in -ubus : artus, partus, portus, tribus, veru ; 
with dissyllables in -cus (as lacus). Most in us are masculine. 

b. Domus, house, has all the forms of the fourth declension ; but 
the most usual are those given above. It has also the locative 
domi (sometimes domui), at home, 

c. Most nouns of the Fifth Declension want the plural. The 
only ones complete in their inflection are dies, day, and res, thing. 
All are feminine except dies, (generally masc), and meridies (m,). 

See Exercise, page 56. 



Lesson 13, 



Pronouns : 1. Personal and Demonstrative. 

PART FIRST. 

The Personal Pronouns are thus declined : — 



Nom 
Gen. 
Dat, 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 



FIRST PERSON. 

ego, / nos, we 

mei, of me nostrum, tri 

mini, to me nobis, to us 

me, me n5s, us 



of us 



SECOND PERSO>. 


r. 


tu, thou 


vos, ye or 


you 


tui 


vestrum, 


tri 


tibi 


vobis 




te 


vos 




tu 


vos 




te 


vobis 





me, by me nobis, by us 

a. These are also used reflexively : as, te laudas, you praise 
yourself 



Elementary Lessons, 



J 9 



b. The pronouns of the Third Person — he, she, it, they — are 
wanting in Latin ; a demonstrative being sometimes used. 

c, The Reflexive pronoun of the third person is the same in the 
singular and plural : viz., 

Gen. sui, of himself, herself, themselves, 

Dat. sibi, to „ „ „ 

Ace. se or sese „ „ „ 

Abl. „ „ with „ „ „ 

N. B.—The Reflexive pronoun should not be confounded with the 
intensive ipse ; thus, ipse se laudat, he [himself] praises himself 

d, The genitives nostrum, vestrum, are used partitively : as, 
unus nostrum, one of us; while mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, 
are used objectively : as, memor es nostri, be 7nindful of us. 

e. For the genitive of possession, the adjectives meus, tuus, 
suu3, noster, vester, are always used. They may stand in apposi- 
tion with a genitive in any case : as, 

nostra omnium patria, the country of us all, 
f The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the 
ablative of the personal pronouns : as, 

vobiscum loquitur, he speaks with you, 
g. The personal or demonstrative pronouns are in general used 
only for the sake of distinction or emphasis : as, 
te voco, / call you ; but — 
quis me vocat ? ego te voco : who calls me ? it is I, 







PART SECOND. 






The Demonstrative Pronouns 


are thus declined : — 






this. 






that. 




Sing. 


m. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


Nom. 


hie 


haec 


hoc 


is 


ea 


id 


Gen. 


hujus 


hujus 


hujus 


ejus 


ejus 


ejus 


DAT. 


huic 


huic 


huic 


ei 


ei 


ei 


Acc. 


nunc 


hanc 


hoc 


eum 


earn 


id 


Abl. 


hoc 


hac 


hoc 


eo 


ea 


eo 


Plur. 




these. 






those. 




Nom. 


hi 


hae 


haec 


ii(ei) 


eae 


ea 


Gen. 


horum harum 


horum 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


Dat. 


his 


his 


his 




eis or ii3 




Acc. 


hos 


has 


haec 


eos 


eas 


ea 


Abl. 


his 


his 


his 




eis or iis 





20 



Latin Method. 





that. 






self. 




Sing. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


M. 


F. 


N. 


Nom. 


ille 


ilia 


illud 


ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


Gen. 


illius 


illius 


illius 


ipsius 


ipsius 


ipsius 


DAT. 


illi 


illl 


illi 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsi 


Ace. 


ilium 


illam 


illud 


ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


Voc. 








ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


Abl. 


illo 


ilia 


illo 


ipso 


ipsa 


ipso 



Like ille decline iste, ista, istud, that {yonder). 

The Plural of these words is regular, like that of bonus: as, 

illi, illae, ilia, those, &>c. 

Sing. the same. Plur. 

idem eadem idem iidem eaedem eadem 

ejusdem ejusdem ejusdem edrundem earundem eorundem 
eidem eidem eidem eisdem or iisdem 



N. 

G. 

D. 

A. eundem eandem idem 

A. eodem eadem eodem 



eosdem easdem eadem 
eisdem or iisdem 



The demonstrative pronouns are often used in the oblique cases 
as personal pronouns of the third person : as, 

eum et fratrem ejus video, I see him and his brother. 
See Exercise, page 57. 



Lesson 14. 

Pronouns : Relative, Interrogative, &c. 

I. The Relative Pronoun is thus declined : — 





sii 


*GULAR. 


who 


, which. 


PLURAL 


1 . 


Nom. 


qui 


quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


Gen. 


cujus 


cujus 


cujus 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


DAT. 


cui 


cui 


cui 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


Acc. 


quern 


quam 


quod 


quos 


quas 


quae 


Abl. 


quo 


qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



a. The affix -cumque (or -cunque), -soever, may be added to 
any relative word : as, quicumque, whoever; ubicumque, wher- 
ever j qualiscumque, of whatever sort, 

b. The preposition cum is affixed to the ablative of qui as to 
the personal pronouns : as, quocum, quibuscum, with whom. 

c. -The forms of the Relative are also Interrogative, as in Eng- 
lish ; but when used substantively, quis is used for qui, and quid 
for quod : as, 

quis vocat? who calls f quid vides ? what do you see ? but — 
qui (or quis) homo vocat? quod templum vides? 



Elementary Lessons. 21 

2. Compounds of qui or quis are thus declined : — 

a. In the compounds quldam, so7ne one ; quicumque, whoever; 
quivis, quilibet, quispiam, quisquam, any one; the former part 
is declined like qui or quis. 

b. The compounds aliquis, some; siquis, if any; nequis, lest 
any ; ecquis, numquis, whether any, are declined as follows : — 

SINGULAR. some. PLURAL. 

N. aliquis aliqua aliquid aliqui aliquae aliqua 

G. alicujus aliquorum aliquarum aliquorunj 

D. alicui aliquibus 

A. aliquem aliquam aliquid aliquos aliquas aliqua 

A. aliquo aliqua aliqu5 aliquibus 

c. Of quisquis, whoever, both parts are declined ; but the 
feminine and most plural forms are wanting. 

3. Correlatives. — Many -pairs of words, demon- 
strative and relative, are used in corresponding parts 
of a sentence (see the lists in § 22) : as, 

tantus . . . quantus, as great . . . as. 
talis . . . qualis, such . . . as. 
tot . . . quot, as many . . . as. 

Rule. — A Relative agrees with its Antecedent 
in gender and number ; but its case defends on the 
construction of the clause in which it stands. 
See Exercise, page 59. 

Lesson 15. 

Numerals. 

The following list of Cardinal and Ordinal numbers 
should be gradually committed to memory : — 



CARDINAL. 




ORDINAL. 


ROMAN NUMERALS. 


I. unus, una 


, unum, one. 


primus, a, urc\, first. 


1. 


2. duo, duae, 


duo, 


two. 


secundus 


(alter), second. 


11. 


3. tres, tria, 


three, 


&*c. 


tertius, third, &*c. 


in. 


4. quattuor 






quartus 




IV. 


5. quinque 






quintus 




v. 


6. sex 






sextus 




VI. 


7. septem 






Septimus 




VII. 


8. octo 






octavus 




VIII. 


9. novem 






nonus 




IX. 


10. decern 






decimus 




X. 



22 



Latin Method. 



CARDINAL* 

II. undecim 


ORDINAL. ROMAN NUMERALS. 

undecimus xi. 


12. duodecim 


duodecimus 


XII. 


13. tredecim 


tertius decimus 


XIII. 


14. quattuordecim 


quartus decimus 


XIV. 


15. quindecim 


quintus decimus 


XV. 


16. sedecim 


sextus decimus 


XVI. 


17. septendecim 


Septimus decimus 


XVII. 


18. duodevlginti (octod'ecfm) 


duodevicesimus 


XVIII. 


19. undevlgintl (novendecim) 


undevlcesimus 


XIX. 


20. viginti 


vicesimus (vigesimus) xx. 


30. triginta 


tricesimus 


XXX. 


40. quadraginta 


quadragesimus 


XL. 


So. quinquaginta 


quinquagesimus 


L. 


60. sexaginta 


sexagesimus 


LX. 


70. septuaginta 


septuagesimus 


LXX. 


80. octoginta 


octdgesimus 


LXXX. 


90. nonaginta 


nonagesimus 


xc. 


100. centum 


eentesimus 


c. 


200. ducentl, se, a 


ducentesimus 


cc. 


300. trecenti 


trecentesimus 


ccc. 


400. quadringenti 


quadringentesimus 


cccc. 


500. quingentl 


quingentesimus 


ID, or D. 


600. sexcenti 


sexcentesimus 


DC. 


700. septingentt 


septingentesimus 


DCC. 


800. octingentl 


octingentesimus 


DCCC. 


900. nongenti 


nongentesimus 


DCCCC. 


1000. mille 


millesimus 


cio, or m. 



a. The inflection of unus and duo will be found in Lesson 5. 
That of tres is like the plural of levis. The other Cardinal num- 
bers, up to ioq> are not declined ; the hundreds, up to 1000, are 
declined like the plural of bonus. 

b. Mille, a thousand, is not declined ; millia (milia), thousands, 
is declined as a noun, like the plural of mare. Thus we say — 

cum mille bominibus, with a thousand men; but — 
cum duobus millibus (mllibus) hominum ; or, 
cum bis mille hominibus, with two thousand men. 

c. The following are called Distributive Numerals, and are 
inflected like the plural of bonus : — 

1. singulT, one by one, 5. qulni 9. noveni 

2. binl, two-and~two. 6. sen! 10. deni 

3. term, trlnl, by threes. 7. septeni 11. undenl 

4. quaternT, by fours, &>c. 8. octoni 12. duodeni 
For the use of Distributives, see § 18, 2. a, b, c, d. 

d. The following are Numeral Adverbs : — 

1. semel, once. 3. ter 5. quinquies (ens) 

2. bis, twice. 4. quater 6. sexies (ens), etc. 



Elementary Lessons. 23 

Lesson 16. 

Verbs: 1. Moods and Tenses. 

i. There are four Moods of the Latin verb : — 

a. The Indicative is used for direct assertions or interro- 
gations : as, veni, vidi, vici, / came, saw, conquered. 

b. The Subjunctive is used chiefly in commands, conditions, 
and dependent clauses ; as, eamus, let us go; si adesses, if you 
were here ; adsum ut videam, I am here that I may see. 

N. B. — For the special uses of the Subjunctive, see " Construc- 
tions of Syntax," pages 99-119. 

c. The Imperative is used for exhortation or command : as, 
adeste pueri, come, boys / but its place is often supplied by the 
Subjunctive ; in prohibitions, the perf. subj. is used with ne. 

d. The Infinitive is used chiefly as the subject or object of 
another verb ; as, humanum est errare, to err is human j volo 
videre, I wish to see; jubeo te venire, I bid you co?ne. 

2. There are four Participles : — 

a. The Present participle ends in ans or ens: as, vocans, 
calling ; legens, reading. 

b. The Future participle ends in urus, and is used to express 
purpose : as, venit auditurus, he came to hear. As an adjective, 
it expresses what is likely or about to happen : as, urbs est casura, 
the city is about to fall. 

c. The Perfect participle ends in tus or sus : as, tectus, 
sheltered. It is chiefly used with esse to form certain tenses 
in the passive : as, vocatus est, he has been called, or was called. 

d. The Gerundive ends in dus, and is used in the oblique 
cases in such phrases as — 

pacis petendae causa, for the sake of seeking peace (§ 73, 3). 
As an adjective, it expresses that which ought to be or must be 
done : as, delenda est Karthago, Carthage must be destroyed. 

3. The verb has also the following noun-forms : — 

a. The Gerund is a verbal noun, in di, do, dum, correspond- 
ing to the English participial noun in -ing: as, loquendi causa, 
for the sake of speaking. 

b. The Supines are verbal nouns ending in um and u, usually 
translated by the English infinitive : as, venit spectatum, he came 
to look j mirabile dictu, wonderful to tell. 



24 Latin Method. 

4. There are six Tenses ; three of incomplete and 
three of completed action : viz., 

a. Present : as, adsum, here I am; diu aegroto, / am [and 
have long been] sick. 

b. The Imperfect is used chiefly for description, or for con- 
tinned or repeated action; as, dicebat, he said, was saying, or 
used to say ; mons impendebat, a mountain overhung. 

c. Future : as, veniet, he will come. 

d. The Perfect is either definite or historical : as, vocavit, 
he has called (definite) ; or, he called (historical). 

e. Pluperfect : as, venerat, he had come. 

f. Future Perfect: as, cum venero scribam, when I coine 
(shall have come), / will write. 

Note. — The Future and Future Perfect are wanting in the 
Subjunctive ; but are sometimes supplied by the future participle 
with the tenses of esse. 

Lesson 17. 

Verbs : 3. The verb ESSE, to be. 

PRESENT. INFIN. PERF. FUT. PART. 

Principal Parts : sum esse fui futiirus 

indicative. Present. subjunctive. 

Sing. i. sum, lam. sim, may I be /* (/ am, may or 

2. es, thou art {you are), sis, may you be. {would be, &r*c.) 

3. est, he (she, it) is. sit, let him be (may he be). 
Plur. i. sumus, we are. simus, let us be. 

2. estis, you are. sitis, may ye be. 

3. sunt, they are. suit, let them be (may they be). 

Imperfect. 

Sing. 1. eram, / was. essem 

2. eras, thou wast {you were). esses 

3. erat, he (she, it) was. esset 
Plur. i. eramus, we were. essemus 

2. eratis, you were. essetis 

3. erant, they were. essent 

* This is the most frequent meaning of this form when used i?tde- 
pendently. For the numerous dependent meanings of the subjunctive, 
see Syntax. 



Elementary Lessons. 



25 



[futurus sim] 



Future. 

Sing. i. ero, I shall be. 

2. eris, thou wilt be (you will be), 

3. erit, he will be. 
Plur. 1. erimus, we shall be. 

2. eritis, you will be. 

3. erunt, they will be. 

Perfect. 

Sing. i. ful, I was (have been). 

2. fuisti, you were. 

3. fuit, he was. 
Plur. i. fuimus, we were. 

2 . fuistis, you were. 

3. fuerunt, they were. 

or fuere. 

Pluperfect. 

Sing. i. fueram, / had been 

2. fuersis, you had been. 

3. fuerat, he had been. 
Plur. i. fueramus, we had been. 

2. fueratis, you had been. 

3. fuerant, they had been. 

Future Perfect. 

fuero, / shall have been. 
fueris, you will have been. 
fuerit, he will have been. 
fuerimus, we shall have been. 
fueritis, you will have been. 
fuerint, they will have been. 

Imperative. 
Present, es, be thou. este, be ye. 

Future, esto, thou shall be. estote,^ shall be. 
esto, he shall be. sunto, they shall be. 

Infinitive. 

Present, esse, to be. 

Perfect, fuisse, to have been. 

Future, fore or futurus esse, to be about to be. 

Future Participle, futurus, a, urn, about to be. 



fuerim 

fueris 

fuerit 

fuerimus 

fueritis 

fuerint 



fuissem 

fuisses 

fuisset 

fuissemua 

fuissetis 

fuissent 



Sing. i. 
2. 

3- 

Plur. i. 

2. 

3. 



26 



Latin Method. 



The verb esse is joined with the adjective potis, able, making 

the compound possum, / can (am able). It is also compounded 

with pro (prod), for, in pro3um, / benefit or help, and with 

several other prepositions. These compounds are inflected as 

follows : — 

Present. 



indic. 

possum, I can. 
potes, you can. 
potest, he can. 

possumus, we can. 
potestis,/0# can. 
possunt, they can. 

poteram, / could. 



INDIC. 


SUBJ. 


prosum, I kelp. 

prodes 

prodest 


prosim 

prosis 

prosit 


prosumus 
prodestis 
prosunt 


prosimus 

prositis 

prosint 



prodessem 



SUBJ. 

possim 

possis 

possit 

possimus 

possitis 

possint 

Imperfect. 
possem proderam 

Future. 
potero, / shall be able. prodero, / shall help. 

Perfect. 
potui, / could. potuerim profui, / helped, pr of uerim 

Pluperfect. 
potueram potuissem profueram profuissem 

Future Perfect. 
potuero, / shall have been able. profuero, / shall have helped 

Imperative. 

prodes, prodesto, &c. 

Infinitive. 
Pr. posse Perf. potuisse Pr. prodesse Perf. profuisse 

Participles. 
pot ens (adj.), powerful. profuturus, about to help. 



Lesson i8- 

Verbs : 3. The Four Conjugations* 

1. Verbs are inflected in four regular Conjugations, 
distinguished by the vowel before -re in the Infinitive : 
viz., i. are; 2. ere; 3. ere; 4. Ire. 

2. The Principal Parts of the verb, from which all 
the others are found, are — 

1. The Present Indicative; 3. The Perfect Indicative; 

2. The Present Infinitive; 4. The Supine. 



Elementary Lessons. 27 

a. The regular forms of conjugation are these : — " 

1. amo, amare, amavi, amatum, to love. 

2. deleo, delere, delevi, deletum, to destroy, 
3.,carpo, carpere, carpsi, carptum, to pluck, 
4. audio, audire, audivi, audltum, to hear, 

b. In the second conjugation, a more common form is the 
following (omitting e in the perfect and supine) : — 

moneo, monere, monui, monitum, to warn, 

c. The Perfect stem is sometimes the same as the present ; but 
it is usually changed in one of the following ways : — 

1. By lengthening the vowel : as, lego, legi ; capio, cepi 

2. By reduplication : as, cado, cecidi; tondeo, totondi. 

3. By adding s : as, carpo, carpsi; duco, duxi; tego, texi. 

4. By adding u: as, domo, domui; aperio, aperui. 

5. By adding v (u) preceded by the vowel of conjugation (see 
page 10) : as, amo, amavi; audio, audivi This is found in 
almost all verbs of the first and fourth conjugations ; but the v is 
often dropped and the syllable contracted : as, amarat, audierat, 
for amaverat, audiverat; amasse, audisse (or audiisse), for 
amavisse, audivisse. 

d. The Supine stem is generally formed by adding t or s : as, 
dico, dictum; cado, casum. 

e. The Synopsis of a verb consists of the Jirst person singular 
of each tense, with infinitive and participles, given in regular order : 
as of amo, / love — 

{Present Stem,) active voice. {Perfect Stem.) 

Indic. amo, amabam, amabo. amavi, amaveram, amavero 
Subj. amem, amarem amaverim, amavissem 

Imper. ama, amato 

In fin. amare amavisse 

passive voice. {Supine Stem) 

Indic. amor, amabar, amabor amatus sum, — eram, — ero 
Subj. amer, amarer, amatus sim, — essem 

Imper. amare, amator 

In fin. amari amatus esse, amatum iri 

Participles. 
Act. amans amaturus 

Pass. amandus amatus 



28 



Latin Method. 



Lesson 19. 

Regular Verb ; First Conjugation. 
I. ACTIVE VOICE. 



PRESENT. INFIN. 



PERFECT. 



SUPINE. 



Principal Parts: amo amare amavi amatum 

INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Present, / love, or am loving. 

Sing. 1. amo, / love. am em 

2. a,ma\&, you love. amis 

3. amat, he {she, it) loves. amet 
Plur. i. amamus, we love. amemua 

2. amatia, you love. ametia 

3. amant, they love. ament 



Imperfect, / loved (used to love). 

Sing. i. arnabam,//^?/^. 

2. amabas, you loved. 

3. amabat, he loved. 
Plur. i. amabamua, we loved. 

2. amabatia, you loved. 

3. amabant, they loved. 

Future, / shall love. 

Sing, i . amabo, / shall love, 

2. amabis, j/0# will love. 

3. amabit, he will love. 

Plur. i. amabimus, we shall love. 

2. zmahitis, you will love. 

3. amabunt, they will love. 

Perfect, / loved (have loved.) 

Sing. i. amavi, I loved. 

2. amavisti, j<7# loved. 

3. amavit, he loved. 
Plur. i. amavimus, we loved. 

2. amavistis, you loved. 

3. amaverunt (ere), they loved. 

Pluperfect, / had lored. 

Sing. i. amaveram, I had loved. 

2. amaveras, you had loved. 

3. amaverat, he had loved. 
Plur. i. amaveramus, we had loved. 

2. am3.vera.tis, you had loved. 

3. amaveraut, they had loved. 



amarem 

amarea 

amaret 

amaremua 

amaretia 

amarent 



amaverim 

amaveria 

amaverit 

amaverimua 

amaveritia 

amaverint 



amavisaem 

amavissea 

amavisaet 

amavissemua 

amavissetia 

amaviaseut 



Elementary Lessons. 



29 



Future Perfect, / shall have loved. 



Sing, i 
2, 

3 

Plur. 1. 
2. 

3- 



amavero, / shall have loved. 
amaveris, you will have loved. 
amaverit, he will have loved. 
amaverimus, we shall have loved. 
amaveritis, you will have loved. 
amaverint, they will have loved. 

singular. Imperative. plural. 

Pres. 2. ama, love thou. amate, love ye. 

Fut. 2. amato, thou shall love. amatote, j/£ shall love. 

3. amato, he shall love. amanto, they shall love. 

Noun and Adjective Forms. 

Infinitive. 
Present, amare, to love. 
Perfect, amavisse, or amasse, to have loved. 
Future, amaturus esse, to be about to love. 

Participles. 
Present, amans, antis, loving. 
Future. amaturus, a, um, about to love. 
Gerund. 
G. amandi, of [the act or state of] loving. 
D. amando,/^ loving (with adjectives). 
Ac. amandum, loving (with ad and inter). 
Ab. amandS, by loving. 
Supine. 
Acc. amatum, to love (with verbs of motion). 

First Periphrastic Conjugation. 





indicative. subjunctive. 


Pres. 


amaturus sum . . . sim, / am about to love. 


Imperf. 


amaturus eram . . . essem, / was about to love. 


Fut. 


amaturus ero 


Perf. 


amaturus fui ... fuerim 


Plup. 


amaturus fueram . . . fuissem 




Second Periphrastic Conjugation. 


Pres. 


amandus sum . . . sim, / am to be loved. 


Imperf. 


amandus eram . . . fuerim, / was to be loved. 


Fut. 


amandus ero . . . essem 


Perf. 


amandus fui . . . 


Plup. 


amandus fueram . . . fuissem 



See Exercise, page 60. 



3o 



Latin Method. 



Lesson 20. 



Regular Verb : First Conjugation* 

2. PASSIVE VOICE. 
PRESENT. INFINITIVE. PERFECT. 

Principal Parts : amor amarl amatus sum 



INDICATIVE. 

Present, / am loved. 
Sing. i. amor, I am loved. 

2. amaris (re), you are loved. 

3. amatur, he is loved. 

Plur. 1. amamur, we are loved. 

2. amamini, you are loved. 

3. amantur, they are loved. 



Sing. 



Plur, 



Sing. 



Imperfect, / was loved. 
amabar, / was loved. 
amabaris (re) , you were loved. 
amabatur, he was loved. 

amabamur, we were loved. 
amabamini, you were loved. 
amabantur, they were loved. 



SUBJUNCTIVE. 

amer 

ameris (re) 
ametur 

amemur 
amemini 
amentur 



amarer 
amareris (re) 
amaretur 

amaremur 
amareminx 
amarentur 



I, 
2. 
3 
Plur. i 
2. 

3. 

Sing. i. 

2. 

3« 
Plur. i 

2, 

3 



Sing. i. 
2. 

3. 

Plur. i, 

2. 

3- 



Future, I shall be loved. 

amabor, / shall be loved. 

amaberis (re), thou wilt {you will) 

amabituT, he will be loved. 

amabimur, we shall be loved. 
amabimim, you will be loved. 
amabuntur, they will be loved. 

Perfect, / was (have been) loved. 
amatus sum, / was loved. 
amatus es, you were loved. 
amatus est, he was loved. 

amati sumus, we were loved. 
amatl estis, you were loved. 
amati sunt, they were loved. 

Pluperfect, I had been loved. 

amatus eram, / had been loved. 
amatus eras, you had been loved. 
amatus erat, he had been loved. 
amati eramus, we had been loved. 
amati eratis, you had been loved. 
amati erant, they had been loved. 



be' loved. 



amatus sim 
amatus sis 
amatus sit 
amati simus 
amati sitis 
amati sint 



amatus essem 
amatus esses 
amatus esset 

amati essemus 
amati essetis 
amati esseut 



Elementary Lessons. 31 

Future' Perfect, / shall have been loved. 
SlNG. i. amatus ero, I shall have been loved. 

2. amatus eris, you will have been loved. 

3. amatus erit, he will have been loved. 

Plur. 1. amati erimus, you shall have been loved. 

2. amati eritis, you will have been loved. 

3. amati erunt, they will have been loved. 

passive voice, 
singular. Imperative. plural. 

Pres. 2. amare, be thou loved. amamini, be ye loved. 

Fut. 2. amator, thou shalt be loved. 

3. amator, he shall be loved, amantor, they shall be loved. 

Noun and Adjective Forms- 

Infinitive. 
Present, amari, to be loved. 
Perfect, amatus esse, to have been loved. 
Future, amatum iri (amatus fore), to be about to be loved. 

Participles. 
Perfect. amatus, loved (beloved, or having been loved). 
Gerundive, amandus, a, um, to-be-loved (lovely). 

Supine. 
Abl. amatu, to love or to be loved (with adjectives). 

a. In the tenses of completed action in the passive, — the 
perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect, — the participle (amatus, &c.) 
is treated as an adjective, agreeing in gender and number with the 
subject of the verb : as, 

bellum paratum est, war has been prepared. 
Galli domiti erant, the Gauls had been subdued. 
naves depress ae sunt, the ships were sunk. 

b. In the passive construction, the object of the action becomes 
subject, while the subject (or agent), if a person, or treated as a 
person (personified), is put in the ablative with the preposition a or 
ab, by ; if not a person, in the ablative alone : as, 

Caesar domuit Gallos, Casar subdued the Gauls; 
Galli a Caesar e domiti sunt, the Gauls were subdued by Casar; 
fames necat homines, hunger destroys men; 
homines fame necantur, men are destroyed by hunger. 
C. An Intransitive verb may be used impersonally, in the third 
person singular of the passive : as, 

pugnatum est, there was fighting ; lit. it [a battle] was fought. 
See Exercise, page 62. 



32 Latin Method. 

Lesson 21. 

Regular Verb: First Conjugation. 

3. NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS. 

1. The following are the uses of the Infinitive : — 

a. The Infinitive is used with verbs where the sense would be 
incomplete without another action of the same subject : as, 

consilia non possum mutare, / cannot change \my\ plans. 
Such verbs are to be able, dare, begin, cease, wish, and the like. 

b. The Infinitive is used like the nominative of a neuter noun, 
in such sentences as — 

scribere est utile, to write (writing) is useful. 

c. It is used like the accusative of a neuter noun, in such 
sentences as — 

hostes parant expugnare oppidum, the enemy prepare to 
storm the town. 

d. In either of these uses, it may take as subject the accusative 
of a noun or pronoun : as, 

senem saltare indecorum est, for an old man to dance is 

unbecoming. 
video te esse claudum, / see that you are lame. 

Here the object of video, i.e. the thing seen, is really the sub- 
stantive clause te esse claudum, not the simple accusative te. 

Rule. — The infinitive with subject-accusative is 
used as the object of verbs or other expressions of 
knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving: as, 

rumor erat Catilinam servos armasse, there was a report 
that Catiline had ar7ned the slaves. 

2. The Gerund and Supine are used as follows : — 

a. The Gerund is used in the oblique cases as a participial noun, 
of which the Infinitive serves as nominative or accusative (as in 
b, c, above) : as, 

ars scribendi, the art of writing. 

b. The Supine is a noun of the fourth declension in the accusa- 
tive and ablative cases, but having only special uses (see § 74). It 
may always be translated by the English Infinitive. 

For the use of the Participles, see Lessons 16, 19, and 20. 
See Exercise, page 63. 



Elementary Lessons. 

Lesson 22. 



33 



Regular Verb : Second Conjugation. 

Principal Parts : Act. moneo monere monui monitum 

Pass, moneor moneri monitus sum 



iNDic. Active, subj 

Present, / warn, 
moneo, / warn, moneam 
mones, jyou warn, moneas 
monet, he warns, moneat 

monemus 

monetis 

monent 



iNDic. Passive, subj. 

/ am warned. 
moneor monear 

moneris (re) monearis (re) 
monetur moneatur 



monemur 
monemini 
monentur 



moneamus 

moneatis 

moneant 

Imperfect, / warned {was warning). 
monebam monerem monebar 

monebas moneres 

monebat moneret 

monebamus moneremus 

monebatis moneretis 

monebant monerent 

Future, / shall warn. 
monebo 
monebis 
monebit 

monebimus 

monebitis 

monebunt 



moneamur 
moneamini 
moneantur 

/ was warned. 
monerer 
monebaris (re) monereris (re) 
monebatur moneretur 

monebamur moneremur 
monebamini moneremini 
monebantur monerentur 

/ shall be warned. 
monebor 
moneberis (re) 
monebitur 

monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 



Perfect, / warned (have warned). I was {have been) warned. 



monui 

monuisti 

monuit 



monuerim 

monueris 

monuerit 



monuimus monuerimus 

monuistis monueritis 

monuerunt (re) monuerint 
Pluperfect, I had warned. 



monitus sum 
monitus e3 
monitus est 
moniti sumus 
monitl estis 
moniti sunt 



monitus sim 
monitus sis 
monitus sit 

moniti simus 
moniti sitis 
moniti sint 



monueram 

monueras 

monuerat 

monueramus 

monueratis 

monuerant 



monuissem 

monuisses 

monuisset 

monuissemus 

monuissetis 

monuissent 



/ had been warned. 
monitus eram monitus essem 



monitus eras 
monitus erat 

moniti eramus 
moniti eratis 
moniti erant 



monitus esses 
monitus esset 
moniti essemus 
moniti essetis 
moniti essent 



Fut. Perf., / shall have warned. I shall have been warned. 

monuero monitus ero 

monueris monitus eris 

monuerit monitus erit 

monuerimus moniti erimus 

monueritis moniti eritis 

monuerint moniti erunt 



34 



Latin Method. 



Active. 

Sing. 

Pr. mone, warn. 

F. moneto 
moneto 



imperative. Passive. 

Plur. Sing. Plur. 

monete monere monemini 

monetote 

monento monetor monentor 



infinitive. 

Pr. monere Pf. monuisse Pr. moneri Pf. monitus esse 
G. moniturus esse F. monitum iri (monitus fore) 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pr. monens Fut. moniturus Pf. monitus Ger. monendus 
G. monendi, do, dum Sup. monitum monitu 

See Exercise, page 6s. 



Lesson 23. 

Regular Verb : Third Conjugation. 

Principal Parts : Act. tego tegere texl tectum 

Pass, tegor tegi tectus sum 



indic. Active. subj 
Pres., I cover. 
tego, I cover. 
tegiSfjyo?^ cover. 
tegit, he covers. 

tegimus, we cover, tegamus tegimur 

tegitis, you cover, tegatis 
tegunt, they cover, tegant 



tegam 

tegas 
tegat 



indic. Passive, subj. 
/ am covered {covering myself). 



tegor 

tegeris (re) 
tegitur 



tegimini 
teguntur 



tegar 

tegaris (re) 
tegatur 

tegamur 
tegamini 
tegantur 



Imp., I covered (was covering). I was covered (covering myself). 
tegebam 



tegebas 
tegebat 



tegerem 

tegeres 
tegeret 

tegeremus 
tegeretis 



tegebamus 

tegebatds 

tegeb&nt tegerlnt 

Fut., / shall cover. 
tegam 
teges 
teget 

tegemus 

tegetis 

tegent 



tegebar 
tegebari3 (re) 
tegebatur 

tegebamur 
tegebamini 
iur 

/ shall be covered. 



tegebantur 



tegerer 

tegereris (re) 

tegeretur 

tegeremur 

tegeremini 

tegerentur 



tegar 

tegeris (re) 
tegetur 

tegemur 

tegemini 

tegentur 



Perf., / covered (have covered). I was (have been) covered. 



texi 

texisti 

texit 

teximus 
texistis 
texerunt (re) 



texerim 

texeris 

texerit 

texerimus 

texeritis 

texerint 



tectus sum 
tectus es 
tectus est 
tecti sumus 
tecti estis 
tecti sunt 



tectus sim 
tectus sis 
tectus sit 
tecti simus 
tecti sitis 
tecti sint 



Elementary Lessons. 



35 



indic. Active. subj, 
Plup., / had covered. 



indic. Passive. subj, 
/ had been covered. 



texeram 

texeras 

texerat 




texissem 

texisses 

texisset 


tectus eram 
tectus eras 
tectus erat 


tectus essem 
tectus esses 
tectus esset 


texeramus 

texeratis 

texerant 




texissemus 

texissetis 

texissent 


tecti eramus 
tecti eratis 
tecti erant 


tecti essemus 
tecti essetis 
tecti essent 


Fut. Perf., 
texero 
texeris 
texerit 


/ shall have covered. I shall have been covered. 
tectus ero 
tectus eris 
tectus erit 


texerimus 

texeritis 

texerint 






tecti erimus 
tecti eritis 
tecti erunt 




Sing. 
Pr. 2. tege, cover 
F. 2. tegito 

3. tegito 


IMPER 

Plur. 
tegite 
tegitote 
tegunto 


ATIVE. 

Sing. 
tegere 


Plur. 
tegimini 


tegitor 


teguntor 


Pr. tegere 

F. tecturus esse 


infinitive. 
Pf. texisse Pr. tegi Pf. tectus esse 
F. tectum iri (tectus fore) 



participles. 

Pres. tegens Fut. tecturus Perf. tectus Ger. tegendus 
Ger. tegendi, do, dum Sup. tectum, tectu 

Verbs ending in io of the 3d conj. are inflected thus : — 



Pres, I take. 




I am 


taken. 


capio, / take. 


capiam 


capior 


capiar 


capis you take. 


capias 


caperis (re) 


capiaris (re) 


capit, he takes. 


capiat 


capitur 


capiatur 


capimus, we take. 


capiamus 


capimur 


capiamur 


capitis, you take. 


capiatis 


capimini 


capiamini 


capiunt, they take. 


capiant 


capiuntur 


capiantur 


Imperf., I took 


{was taking} 


/ was taken. 


capiebam, / took. 


caperem 


capiebar 


caperer 


Fut., I shall take. 


/ shall be taken. 


capiam, ies, iet, &c. 


capiar, ieris (re] 


), &c. 


Perf. cepi 


ceperim 


captus sum 


captus sim 


Plup. ceperam 


cepissem 


captus eram 


captus essem 


F. P. cepero 




captus ero 




imp. cape 


capite 


capere 


capimini 


capito 


capitStQ 







capito 


capiunto 


capitor 


capiuntor 


Infin. capere 


cepisse 


capi 


captus esse 


Part, capiens 


capturus 


captus 


capiendus 




See Exercise, page 66. 





36 



Latin Method. 



Lesson 24, 



Regular Verb: Fourth Conjugation. 

Principal Parts : Act. audio audire audivi auditum 

Pass, audior audiri auditus sum 



iNDic. Active, subj. 

Pres., / hear. 

audio, / hear. audiam 

audis, you hear. audias 

audit, he hears. audiat 



indic. Passive, subj. 

/ a?n heard. 
audior audiar 

audiris (re) audiaris (re) 

auditur audiatur 



audimus, we hear, audiamus 
auditis.^w hear, audiatis 
audiunt, they hear, audiant 

Imperf., I heard (was hearing) 
audiebam audirem 

audiebas audires 

audiebat audiret 



audimur 
audlmiiri 
audiuntur 



audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 



audiebamus 

audiebatis 

audiebant 


audiremus 

audiretis 

audirent 


Fut., / shall hear. 
audiam 
audies 
audiet 


audiemus 

audietis 
audient 




Perf., I heard 
audivi 
audivisti 
audlvit 


(have heard) . 
audlverim 
audiveris 
audiverit 



audivimus audiverimus 

audivistis audiveritis 

audiverunt (re) audiverint 

Plup., I had heard. 
audiveram audivissem 

audlveras audlvisses 

audiverat audivisset 

audlveramus audivissemus 

audiveratis audlvissetis 

audiverant audivissent 

Fut. Perf., / shall have heard. 
audivero 
audiveris 
audiverit 
audiverimus 
audiveritis 
audiverint 



/ was hea?'d. 

audiebar audirer 

audiebaris (re) audireris (re) 

audiebatur audiretur 

audiebamur audiremur 

audiebamini audiremini 

audiebantur audirentur 

/ shall be heard. 
audiar 

audieris (re) 
audietur 

audiemur 
audiemini 
audientur 

/ was (have been) heard. 
auditus sum auditus sim 
auditus es auditus sis 

auditus est auditus sit 

audit! sumus audftl simus 
audit! estis audit! sitis 

audit! sunt audit! sint 

/ had been heard. 
auditus eram auditus essem 



auditus eras 
auditus erat 
audit! eramus 
audit! eratis 
audit! erant 



auditus esses 
auditus esset 

audit! essemus 
audit! essetis 
audit! essent 



/ shall have been heard. 
auditus ero 
auditus eris 
auditus erit 
audit! erimus 
audit! eritis 
audit! erunt 



Elementary Lessons. 



37 



Active. 
Sing. 

Pr. 2. audi, hear. 
F. 2. audito 
3. audito 



IMPERATIVE. 



Plur. 
audite 
auditote 
audiunto 



Sing. 
audire 



auditor 



INFINITIVE. 



Passive. 
Plur. 
audimini 

audiuntor 



Pr. audire Pf. audivisse Pr. audiri Pf. auditus esse 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pr. audiens Fut. auditurus Pf. auditus Ger. audiendus 
Ger. audiendi, do, dum Sup. auditum, auditu 

See Exercise, page 68. 



Lesson 25 



Deponent Verbs. 

i. Deponent Verbs have the form of the Passive 

Voice, with an active or reflexive signification : as, 

1. mlror, mirari, miratus, admire j 
vereor, vereri, veritus, fear; 
sequor, sequi, secutus, follow j 
potior, potiri, potitus, possess. 

Indicative. 

vereor sequor 

verebar sequebar 

verebor sequar 

Perf. miratus sum veritus sum secutus sum 

Plup. miratus eram veritus eram secutus eram potitus eram 

F. P. miratus ero veritus ero secutus ero potitus ero 

Subjunctive. 
Pres. mlrer vereor sequar 

Imp't. mlrarer vererer sequerer 

Perf. miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim 



2. 
3- 
4- 

Pres. miror 
Imp't. mirabar 
Fut. mlrabor 



potior 

potiebar 
potiar 
potitus sum 



potiar 
potirer 
potitus sum 



Plup. miratus essem veritus essem secutus essem potitus essem 



Imp. mlrare 
Infin. mirari 

Pres. mlrans 
Fut. miraturus 
Perf. miratus 
Ger. mirandus 



verere sequere 

vereri sequi 

Participles. 



verens 
veriturus 
veritus 
verendus 



sequens 
secuturus 
secutus 
sequendus 



potire 
potiri 

potiens 
potiturus 
potitus 
potiendus 



38 



Latin Method. 



a. Deponents have the participles of both voices ; as, 

sequens, following j secuturus, about to follow j 
secutus, having followed; sequendus, to-be followed, 

b. The future infinitive is always to be given in the active form : 
thus of sequor it is secuturus esse, not secutum iri. 

c. The gerundive, being passive in meaning, is found only in 
transitive verbs, or neuter verbs used impersonally : as, 

potienda est tellus, the land must be wonj 
moriendum est omnibus, all must die, 

d. The perfect participle is sometimes also passive : as, mer- 
catus, bought; adeptus, gained (or, haz-ng gained), 

e. The following verbs have no perfect active, but form the per- 
fect, &c, like deponents, and are called semi -deponents : 

audeo, 2 ausus, dare; gaudeo, 2 gavisus, rejoice; 

fido, 3 fEsus, trust; solao, 2 solitus, be accustomed. 

See Exercise, page 70. 



Lesson 26. 

Irregular and Defective Verbs. 

PART FIRST. 

Several verbs are irregular in the tenses of the 
-present stem. The most common of these are — 

1. volo, velle, volui, to wish. 

2. nolo (non volo), nolle, nolui, to be unwilling, 

3. malo (magis volo), malle, malui, to wish rather. 
These three are inflected as follows : — 



INDIC. 


SUBJ. 


INDIC. SUBJ 
PRESENT. 


F. INDIC. 


SUBJ. 


volo 

VIS 

vult 


velim 

veils 

velit 


nolo nolim 
nonvls noils 
nonvult nolit 


malo 

mavis 

mavult 


malim 

malis 

malit 


volumus 

vultis 

volunt 


velimus 

velitis 

velint 


nolumus nolimus 
nonvultis nolitis 
nolunt noiint 

IMPERFECT. 


malumus 
mavultis 
malunt 


malimus 

malitis 

malint 


volebam 


vellem 


nolebam nollem 


malebam 


mallem 


volam 




FUTURE. 
nolam 

PERFECT. 


malam 




volui 


-erim 


nolui -erim 

PLUPERFECT. 


malui 


-erim 


volueram 
voluero 


-issem 


nolueram -issem 
FUTURE PERFECT 

noluero 


malueram 
maluero 


-issem 

• 



Elementary Lessons. 



39 



IMPERATIVE, 
noli, nolite, do not. 

nolltis, nolltote, thou shall not, ye shall not, 
UOlltO, lioluilto, -he shall not, they shall not, 

INFINITIVE. 

Pres. velle voluisse nolle noluisse malle maluisse 
PARTICIPLE. 



Present, volens, willing. 
Gerund, volendi, volendo 



nolens , unwilling. 
nolendi 



4. fero, ferre, tuli, latum * to bear. 



Pres. 



indic. Active. 

fero 
fers 
fert 

ferimus 
fertis 
ferunt 
ferebam 
feram 
tuli 

tuleram 
tulero 
fer 
Fut. ferto 
ferto 

Infin. Pr. ferre 
Part. Pr. ferens 



Imperf. 
Future. 
Perfect. 
Pluperf. 
F. Perf. 
Imper. Pr. 



subj. 

feram 

feras 

ferat 

feramus 

feratis 

ferant 

ferrem 

tulerim 
tulissem 



ferte 

fertote 

ferunto 

Pf. tulisse 
Fut. laturus 



indic 

feror 
ferris 
fertur 

ferimur 
ferimini 
feruntur 

ferebar 

ferar 

latus sum 



Passive, subj. 

ferar 
feraris (re) 



feratur 

feramur 
feramini 
ferantur 

ferrer 

latus sim 



latus eram latus essem 
latus ero 



ferre 

fertor 

Pr. ferri 
Pf. latus 



ferimini 

feruntor 

Pf. latus esse 
Ger. ferendus 



Ind., Pres. S. 
P. 

Imp. 

Fut. 

Perf. 

Plup. 

Fut. P. 
Imper at. 
Infin. Pres. 
Part. Pres. 



5. eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, to go. 
eo, is, it Subj. earn, eas, eat 



eamus, eatis, eant 
irem, ires, iret 



imus, itis, eunt 

ibam, ibas, ibat 

ibo, ibis, ibit 

ivi (ii) 

iveram (ieram) 

ivero 

i, ite ; itote, eunto 

ire 

iens, euntis 

6. f 10, fieri, factus : \ used as passive of facio, 3 to make, 

Pres. S. fio, fis, fit flam, fias, fiat 

P. f imus, fitis, fiunt fiamus, fiatis, fiant 

Imp. fiebam fierem 

Fut. f iam, fies, &c. 

* .Regular of 3d Conjugation, omitting the connecting vowel, 
t Regular of 4th Conjugation, exceptor* ^xA fierem. 



iverim (ierim) 
ivissem (issem) 



Perf. ivisse (isse) 
Fut. iturus 



40 Latin Method. 

Perf. factus sum factus sim 

Plup. factus eram factus essem 

Fut. P. factus ero 

Imperat. fi, fite; fito, fitote, fiunto 

Infin. Pres. fieri Perf. factus esse 

Part. Perf. factus Ger. faciendus 

PART SECOND. 

1. The following verbs are defective — 

a. coepi, / began (for the present, use incipio ; and with the 
passive infinitive, the form coeptus sum). 

b. odi, I hate, with the participles osus, osurus. 

c. memini, I reme?nber; imperative memento. 

The above are found only in the tenses of the Perfect 

d. aio, / say, ais, ait, aiunt, aiebam, etc. 

e. inquam, said I ; inquit, said he (only in quotations). A few 
other forms are rarely used. 

f. queo, / can ; nequeo (or non queo), / cannot. These are 
inflected like eo, ire ; but only a few of their forms are in use. 

For other forms of defectives, see Gr. § 38. 

2. The following are Impersonal : — 

a. pluit, it rains ; grandinat, it hails j ningit, it snows ; ful- 
gurat, it lightens. 

b. miseret, it grieves ; paenitet, it repents ; piget, it disgusts; 
pudet, it shames ; taedet, it wearies. These take an accusative of 
the person with a genitive or infinitive : as, 

miseret me tui, I pity you; 

paenitet me hoc fecisse, I repent of having done this. 

c. libet, it pleases; licet, it is allowed, used with the dative of 
the person : as, licet mini loqui, / am permitted to speak; also 
oportet, there is need : as, oportet me scribere, / must write. 
These have the regular synopsis in the third person : as, licet, 
licebat, licebit, licuit, &c. ; also libitum and licitum est, &c. 

d. The third person passive of intransitive verbs (see Lesson 20): 
as, pugnatur, there is fighting; mihi invidetur, I a?n envied. 

e. Several verbs are used impersonally in special meanings : as, 
certum est, it is resolved; constat, it is clear; placet, videtur, it 
seems good; decet, it is becoi?iing ; praestat, it is better; interest, 
refert, it concerns (with genitive) ; vacat, there is leisure ; with 
verbs of happening and the like. 

See Exercise, page 72. 



Elementary Lessons, 



4 1 



Lesson 27. 

Particles. 

i. The regular Adverbs of manner are formed from 
Adjectives, as follows : — 

a. Adjectives of the first and second declensions (ending in us 
or er) form the adverb in e: as, 

callidus (cunning)^ callide; dexter (skilful), dextre. 

b. Those of the third declension form the adverb in -ter : as, 
fortis (brave), fortiter ; prudens (prudent), prudenter. 

c. Many case forms of adjectives are used as adverbs : as, 
multum, much; falso, falsely j recta, straightway. 

For the comparison of adverbs, see Lesson 11 ; for their classi- 
fication, see Gr. § 41, 2. 

2. The more common prepositions in the following 
lists should be committed to memory : — 



adversus, or 
adversum, towards 
ante, before, 
apud, at, near. 
circa, or 
circum, around. 
circiter, about. 
cis, citra, this side. 
contra, against. 



praeter, beyond. 
prope, near. 
propter, on accoujit of. 
secundum, next to. 
supra, above. 
trans, across. 
ultra, on the farther 

side. 
versus, towards. 



a. The following Prepositions require the accusative : — 
ad, to. erga, towards. post, after. 

extra, 07itside. 
infra, below. 
inter, among. 
intra, inside. 
juxta, near. 
ob, on account of. 
penes, in the power 
per, through. 
pone, behind. 

b. The following require the ablative : — 

a, ab, abs, from, by. e, ex, out of. 

absque, but for, without. prae, in comparison with. 

coram, in presence of. pro, in front of for. 

cum, with. sine, without. 

de,from. tenus, up to, or as far as. 

c. The following may take either case : — 

in, into, in; sub, under ; subter, beneath ; super, above. 

In and sub, when followed by the Accusative, signify motio?i to, 
when by the Ablative, rest in, a place. 



42 Latin Method. 

Lesson 28. 

Formation of Words : 1. Verb Stems. 

i. The parts of a word which most commonly 
determine its meaning are: i. the Root; 2. the 
significant ending found in the Stem; 3. the Inflec- 
tion ; 4. (in compounds) the Prefix. 

For example, the noun flumen, river, is formed from the root 
FLU, flow, and the termination men, denoting act, 7neans, or result. 
In the verb conjecerat, he had hurled, we find: 1. the root jac, 
throw (lengthened in the perfect to jec) ; 2. the inflectional end- 
ing erat of the pluperfect third person (being the imperfect of esse 
added to the perfect stem) ; 3. the prefix con, signifying here the 
force or vigor of an action. 

Note. — Many words (as most Particles) are primitive; and 
many others, though derivative, are simple, and do not apparently 
come under the rules of derivation. 

2. The Root gives a word its radical meaning. 
Roots consist of a single syllable, and have a short 
vowel. Verb-stems are formed from roots in one of 
the following ways : — 

1. By lengthening the vowel : as, Die. dico. 

2. By reduplication : as, gen, gigno ; sta, sisto. 

3. By inserting morn: as, CUB, -cumbo ; fid, findo. 

4. By adding d or n : as, ten, tendo ; tem, temno. 

5. By doubling final 1 or r: as, fal, fallo ; ver. verro. 

6. By adding sc (inceptive) : as, Die, disco (= dicsco). 

7. By adding t : as, mit, mitto ; pec, pecto. 

8. By adding a vowel: as, jac, jacio ; cap, capio. 

N. B. — The added vowel, a, e, i, becomes the vowel of conju- 
gation (characteristic or connecting vowel) in amo (= amao), 
moneo, audio. 

For the formation of the Perfect and Supine stems, see 
Lesson 18. 

3. Give the principal parts of the verbs which fol- 
low (consulting the Vocabulary), tracing the formation 
of the different stems from the root, and comparing 
the appended derivatives : — 



Elementary Lessons. 43 

N. B. — The small figures 1, 2, 3, 4, represent the conjugations. 

1. voco 1 (voc), call j vox, voice. 

2. seco 1 (sec), cut; segmentum, slice. 

3. do 1 (da), give ; donwm., gift. 

4. augeo 2 (AUG), increase ; augustus, august. 

5. suadeo 2 (svad), make pleasant j suavis, sweet. 

6. cado 3 (cad), fall ; casus, accident. 

7. sisto 3 (sta), stand (compare sto, stare). 

8. nosco 3 (gno), know ; nomen, name. 

9. cre-do 3 (dha), trust {place confidence). 

10. finio 4 (from fini-, stem of finis), end. 

11. salic 4 (sal), leap ; salto, dance. 

12. eo (1), go (compare ven-eo, to be sold) ; iter, way. 

Lesson 29. 

Formation of Words : 2. Nouns and Adjectives. 

i. The following are some of the more important 
significant endings : — 

i. tor (m.), trix (f.), doer or agent : as, arator, ploughman; 
victrix, she that conquers. 

This form is often used as an adjective : as, victor exercitus, a 
victorious army ; victricia arma, cojiquering arms. 

2. men, mentum, bulum, culum (n.), means : as, tegmen, 
covering; frumentum, corn (fruor, enjoy). 

3. ulus (olus, ellus), a, um, diminutive : as, rivulus, a brook ; 
filiolus, a little son ; capella, a she-goat; munusculum, a trifli?ig 
gift; catellus, a young puppy (catulus). 

4. ax, idus, bundus, active verbal : as, pugnax, apt to 
fight ; lucidus, shining; vagabundus, wandering. 

5. ilis, bilis, ivus, mnus, passive verbal : as, fragilis, frail 
(frango) ; nobilis, well-known (nosco) ; captivus, prisoner (of 
war) ; alumnus (alo) , foster-child. 

6. ia, io, tas, tudo (f.), quality: as, prudentia, prudence; 
caritas, dearness : latitudo, breadth. 

7. alis, aris, arius, acius, ilis (adj.), belonging to : militaris, 
of a soldier ; hostilis, of the enemy ; ovile, sheep-fold ; bubile (n.), 
a stall for cattle ; argentarius, silversmith or money-lender. 

8. eus, aceus, osus, ilus, denoting material or abundance : 
as, aureus, golden; aerumnosus, full of grief 



44 Latin Method. 

9. ium, etum, office or group : as, servitium, slavery, or the 
servile class j quercetum, oak-forest. 

10. atus, Itus, utus, participial : as, galeatus, helmeted; 
auritus, long-eared ; cornutus, having horns. 

11. ides, ades, (m.), as, is, eis (f.), patronymic : as, Friamides, 
son of Priam j Tyndaris, daughter of Tyndarus. 

12. anus, ensis, p atrial: as, Romanus, Roman; Atheniensis, 
Athenian. 

2. Give the meaning of the following derivatives, 
as shown by the termination : — 

1. venatrix: venor, 1 hunt. 15. facilis : facio, 3 to do. 

2. nubilus : nubes, cloud. 16. edax: edo, to eat. 

3. mobilis: moveo, 2 move. 17. migratio : migro, 1 emigrate. 

4. fertilities: fero, bear. 18. dumetum: dumus, bramble. 

5. flamen: flo, 1 to blow. 19. arbustum: arbor, tree. 

6. puerulus : puer, boy. 20. cautus : cano, 3 sing. 

7. misellus : miser, wretched. 21. hospitium: hospes, host 

8. moribundus : morior, 3 to die. 22. civilis : civis, citizen. 

9. casti ensis : castra, camp. 23. urbanus: urbs, city. 

10. calidus : caleo, 2 to be hot. 24. nodosus : nodus, knot. 

11. fortitudo: fortis, brave. 25. absentia: absens, absent. 

1 2. levitas : levis, light. 26. Cretensis : Creta (an island). 

13. levamen: levo, 1 lift. 27. Atrides: Atreus. 

14. mercator : mercor, 1 trade. 28. Nereis : Nereus (a sea-god). 

Lesson 30. 

Formation of "Words : 3. Derivatives and Compounds. 

I. The following are the forms of the derivative 
verbs : — 

1. sco 3 {inceptive or inchoative}, beginning: as, floresco, to 
put forth flowers ; calesco, to grow warm. 

2. esso, 3 isso 3 (intensive), attempt : as, capesso, lay hold 
on j facesso, to do (with energy) ; petisso, seek (eagerly). 

3. to, 1 ito 1 (intensive, frequentative), force or repetition: 
as, jacto, 1 to hurl ; dictito, 1 to keep on saying. 

4. illo 1 {diminutive), feebleness : as, cantillo 1 , to chirp or 
warble. 

5. urio 4 (desiderative), desire : as, esurio, 4 / am hungry (from 
edo, 3 eat). [The last three are added to the Supine stem.] 



Elementary Lessons. 45 

6. Many verbs of the first conjugation are formed from nouns or 
adjectives : as, mllito, 1 to serve as a soldier ; caeco, 1 to make 
blind; vigilo, 1 to keep watch; dominor, 1 to be master y or tyrant. 

2. Compounds are formed in two ways : — 

a. By joining two or more words in one, each retaining its own 
meaning : as, armiger, armor-bearer ; maledico, 3 to speak ill ; 
magnanimus, great-hearted ; tubicen (tuba, cano), trwnpeter ; 
multiformis, of many shapes ; suovetaurilia (sits, ovis, taurus), a 
ceremony including the sacrifice of a hog, a sheep, and a bulL 

b. By prefixing a Particle : most frequently a Preposition to a 
Verb. The meaning of the most common prefixes is seen in 
the following : — 

1. a, ab, away : as, aufero (abfero), take away. 

2. ad, to, towards : as, affero (adfero), bring. 

3. ante, before : as, antefero, prefer; antecello, 3 excel. 

4. circum, around: as, circummunio, 4 fortify completely. 

5. con, together or forcibly : as, confero, bring together; 

colloco, 1 to set firm. 

6. de, down, utterly : as, despicio, 3 despise (look down on) ; 

destruo, 3 destroy. 

7. di or dis, asunder : as, diduco, 3 draw apart; disjungo, 3 

unbind. 

8. e, ex, out : as, effero (ecfero), carry forth, uplift. 

9. in (with nouns or adjectives), not : as, inf lnitus, boundless. 

10. in (with verbs), in, on, against: as, infero, bear against. 

11. inter, between, to pieces : as, interrumpo, 3 interrupt. 

12. ne, nee, not : as, nequeo, cannot; necopinatus, tmlooked 

for. 

13. ob, towards, to meet : as, offero, offer; obvenio, 4 meet. 

14. per, prae, very : as, permagnus, very great; praeclarus, 

glorious. 

15. por, forward: as, porrectus, outstretched. 

16. re, red, back, again : as, refer o, report; redeo, return. 

17. se, apart: as, separo, 1 separate; secerno, 3 put aside. 

18. sub, under, in low degree: as, subdolus, crafty; sub- 

struo, 3 build beneath. 

19. super, upon, over and above : as, superfluo, 3 overflow ; 

superstes, a survivor. 

See Examples, pp. 126-128. 



46 Latin Method. 

PARALLEL EXERCISES 

ON THE FOREGOING LESSONS. 



Lesson 3. 

First Declension of Nouns. 

Vocabulary. 

a or sib, from (with abL). in, in (with abl.). 

ad, to (with ace). in, into (with ace). 

cum, with (with abl.). inter, between^ among (ace). 

e or ex, out of (with abl.), per, through (with ace). 

ala, ae (f.), wing. nympha, ae (f.), ny?nph. 

aquila, ae (f.), eagle. umbra, ae (f.), shadow. 

et or -que, and; sed, but; non, not. 
Translate into English. 

i. Nautae filia. 8. In insula. 

2. Nympha aquarum. 9. Ad portas. 

3. Via per silvas. 10. Cometes inter Stellas. 

4. Agricola cum filiabus. 11. Inter lun am et Stellas. 

5. Amicitia puellarum. 12. In umbra silvae. 

6. Ex aqua. 13. Ad reginae filias. 

7. In aquam. 14. Aquilae alis. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The queen's 1 daughter. 4. Between Rome and Athens, 

2. The wings of eagles. 5. To the gates of Rome. 

3. A way through the wood. 6. From the island to the land. 
l Genitive : observe that "queen's " is the same as " of the queen." 

Lesson 4. 

Second Declension of Nouns. 
Vocabulary. 
argentum, i (n.)> silver. murus, i (m.), wall. 

ager, gri {Afield. oculus. i (m.), eye. 

folium, i (n.), leaf. somnus, i (m ), sleep. 

hortus, i (m.), garden. taurus, i (m.), bull. 

multum, i (n.), much. templum, i (n.), ie?nple. 



Parallel Exercises. 



47 



i. Servi Alius. 

2. Magistrorum libri. 

3. Tauri oculus. 

4. Cum Marco puero 

5. Marce fill. 

6. Corinthi murus. 

7. In somno. 

8. In agris magistri. 

9. In agros viri. 



11. 
12. 

13- 
14. 

IS- 



In the gardens. 

Into the master's fields. 

The queen's slaves. 

The walls of Rome. 

In the wars of the Romans 



Translate into English. 

10. Umbrae foliorum. 
Bella Romanorum. 
Magister cum pueris. 
Nauta cum filiis. 
Multum argenti. 1 
Belli pericula. 

16. Via ad oppidum. 

17. Ager inter silvam et oppi- 
dum. 

Write in Latin. 

7. Into the town. 
. To the walls of the town. 
Among the leaves of the 

forest. 
In the temples of the 
gods. 



8. 
9- 

10. 



1 Words of Quantity, as much, more, less, are in Latin used with the 
genitive : thus, much silver is much (a great deal) of silver, &c. 



Lesson 5. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 

Vocabulary. 
collum, i (n.), neck. angustus, a, um, narrow. 

pomum, i (n.), apple, fruit. fuaestus, a, urn, fatal. 

socius, i (m.), companion. maturus, a, um, ripe. 

tenebrae, arum (f.), gloom. sanctus, a, um, holy. 

niger, gra, um, black. pulcer, 1 era, crum, beautiful. 

Translate into English. 

Regina cum parvis filiabus. 6. In via angusta. 



In magno funestoque bello. 
Templa sanctarum dearum. 
Cum sociis et filio et magnis 

dis. 2 
Via angusta inter silvam et 

oppidum. 
1 Later and commoner form, pulcher, 



7. Niger equus in agro. 

8. Multa folia in silvis. 

9. Sancte deus ! 

10. Roma patria nostra. 

11. Tenebrae sub foliis sil- 
varum. 



2 See page 5, e. 



4 8 



Latin Method. 





Write in 


Latin. 


I. 


My friend (voc). 


5. Shadows of the dense 


2. 


The long neck of the swan. 


forests. 


3- 


Many gifts in the temples 


6. A long way through fields 




of the gods. 


and forests. 


4- 


Ripe apples in the master's 


7. Italy our native-land. 




garden. 


8. Seve^black bulls (ace). 




1 septem. 




Lesson 6. 



Simple Sentence: 1. Subject and Predicate. 

Vocabulary. 



anc6ra, ae (f.), anchor. 
constantia, ae (f.), firmness. 
dominus, i (m.), master ', lord. 
solatium, i (n.), comfort. 
acutus, a, urn, keen. 



apertus, a, urn, open. 
arduus, a, um, difficult. 
curvus, a, um, crooked. 
fidus, a, urn., faithful. 
serenus, a, um, clear, still. 



Translate into English. 

i. Filia reginae est pulcra. n. Magna sunt pericula belli. 

2. Ancorae curvae sunt. 12. Nihil viris bonis arduum 

3. Portae sunt apertae. est. 
In silvis multae erant ferae. 13. Miseri semper sumus sine 



Oculi nautarum sunt acuti. 

Agricola erat in agro. 14. 

Lucida est luna in caelo 
sereno. 15. 

8. Corinthi portae altae pa- 
tent. 16. 

Pueri sumus non viri. 

Seneca philosophus erat 17. 
clarus inter Romanos. 



9 

10 



beneficiis deorum. 
Maximis curis remedium 

est patientia. 
Nullius omnino vita est 

libera curis. 
In medio templo sedet 

regina. 
Mucius vir erat Roman ae 

constantiae. 



Write in Latin. 

The son of Aeneas was 5. Great men [are] the gift of 



Ascanius. 

2. Anger is a great fault. 

3. Athens was the native-city 

of many great men. 

4. Few slaves were faithful 

to ftheir] masters (dat.). 



the gods. 

The moon and stars were 
bright in the clear sky. 

You are men, not boys. 

The forces of the Ro- 
mans were great. 



Parallel Exercises. 49 

Lesson 7. 

Simple Sentence : 3. Object-Accusative. 

Vocabulary, 

fugo, 1 drive. mico, 1 glitter. 

fulgeo, 2 shine. minus, less. 

garrulus, a, urn, chattering. moveo, 2 move. 

impleo, 5 fill. placidus, a, urn, calm. 

intro, 1 enter. tener, era, erum, tender. 

libum, i (n.), cake. turbo, 1 disturb. 

liquidus, a, um, transparent. unda, ae (f.), wave. 

magis, more, (adv.). ventus, i (m.), wind. 

Translate into English. 

i. Lunam et Stellas videmus in caelo sereno. 

2. Magnam periculi procellam Horatius sustinet. 

3. Silvam magnam, atram tenebris, prope oppidum in- 
tramus. 

4. Ignavus nauta ventos et undas culpat. 

5. Bona consilia das filio. 

6. Locum vera gloria habet inter astra. 

7. Bonos laudamus, improbos vituperamus. 

8. Aquam liquidam agnus non turbat. 

9. Atra cura placidum somnum membris non dat. 

10. Tua fata docet aliorum fortuna. 

11. Romani castra movent e campo. 

12. Saevus lupus agnam teneram lacerat. 

13. Servi pocula magna vino implent. 

14. Fessi nautae f return angustum intrant. 

15. Puellae garrulae multa inter se 1 narrant. 

16. Poetae antiqui sapientiam docent. 

17. Agricola lupos ex agris suis fugat. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Slaves fear a cruel master. 

2. The black 2 darkness of the forest terrifies 5 small boys. 

3. We give cakes to children. 8 

4. The queen is walking in [the] garden with 4 [her] two 
daughters. 

1 among themselves [to one another). 2 titer. 3 puer. 4 cum. 
6 Plural. a 



go Latin Method. 

5. We owe a great [sum of] money to the jeweller. 

6. Few [men] love glory more than life. 1 

7. We often see wolves in the forest. 

8. We praise the good less than we blame the bad. 

9. The Tyrians 2 praise the beautiful queen. 

10. We have riches [as] a gift of the bountiful gods. 

11. The son of Anchises enters the shades of Avernus. 

1 Accusative. 2 Tyrii. 

Lesson 8. 

Simple Sentence : 3. Special Forms* 
Vocabulary. 

caecus, a, urn, blind. impiger, gra, um, vigorous. 

canorus, a, um, melodious. invideo, 2 envy (with dat.). 

cygnus, i (m.), swan. noceo, 2 do harm (dat.). 

erga (with ace), towards. potius, rather. 

frigidus, a, um, cold. stultus, a, van, foolish. 

ignavus, a, um, lazy. valeo, 2 prevail, be strong. 

Translate into English. 

i. Num tu laudas stultum ? nonne potius rides? 

2. Ubinam in terris cygnum canorum videmus? 

3. Cur pericula belli timetis ? 

4. O quam frigida est aqua ! 

5. Et oculis 1 et animo videmus. 

6. Quomodo vita tyrannorum veram amicitiam habet ? 

7. Quanta sunt tua erga me beneficia ! 

8. Virum bonum inimici non terrent. 

9. Inter stultos maxime valet prudentia. 

10. Quando eras tu Romae aut Corinthi ? 

11. Et stultos et caecos saepe videmus multos. 

12. Nee nocet inimicis vir bonus nee invidet. 

13. Alter puerorum impiger est, alter ignavus. 

1 Translate with (ablative of means). 
Write in Latin. 

1. Do you see a narrow road in the forest ? Yes (" I see "). 

2. How-great are the gifts of the gods ! 

3. We were both 1 weary and frightened. 

1 et. 



Parallel Exercises. 51 

4. We do not see wholly either with the eyes or with the 
mind (use neque . . nee). 

5. The queen has two slaves, the one 2 tall, the other stout. 

6. We have neither riches nor glory. 

7. Does a good man ever envy the bad ? 

8. The perils of war frighten cowards, but not strong men. 

9. How-many fingers have-you on 3 the right-hand ? how 
many on the left ? 

10. Pompey was an honest man, no-doubt, 4 and a good 
general ; but proud, jealous, sullen, and-not 5 a true friend. 



2 alter (ace). 3 { n% 4 q U idem, 



5 



neque. 



Lesson 9. 

Third Declension of Nouns. 
Vocabulary, 

coram (abl.), in presence of. quies, etis (f.), rest, 

hirundo, inis (f.), swallow, sol, solis (m.), the sun, 
iter, itineris (n.), journey, 7narch, solum, i (n.), soil, land, 

jucunditas, atis (f.), delight. tempus, oris (n.), time. 

latro, onis (m.), robber. venator, oris (m.), huntsman. 

messis, is (f.), harvest. ver, veris (n.), spring. 

mutatio, onis (f.), change, vulnus, eris (n.), wound. 

Translate into Englisli. 

i. Cantat vacuus coram latrone viator. 

2. Milites Roman i in hostium finibus pugnant. 

3. Mare vastum sub oculis militum patet. 

4. Hirun dines veris tempore videmus. 

5. Virtus in astra spectat ; in mortem timor. 

6. Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus. 

7. Inter heroas 1 veteres Herculem, Thesea, 2 Persea, 2 
Iasona, 3 Bellerophonta 3 memoramus. 

8. Somnus est mortis imago. 

9. Immensas arbor habet opes, 

10. Subita formido occupat corda Romanorum. 

11. Rectores civitatis boni strenuique erant multi. 

12. Hostes vim legionum atque equitum non sustinent. 
1 page 12. e. 2 page 5.^. 3 § 11, iii. 6. c, d. 



52 Latin Method. 

13. Homo sum : humani 4 nihil a me alienum puto. 

14. Fontem liquidum agnus non turbat. 

15. L. Junius Brutus et L. Tarquinius Collatinus primi 
erant consules Romae. 

16. Lampadas facesque dextris tenemus. 

17. Fortuna spondet multa multis ; praestat nemini. 

18. Senex bubulcus libertatem frustra orat. 

19. Post equitem sedet atra Cura. 

20. Pallida Mors aequo pulsat pede pauperum tabernas 
regumque turres. 

21. In solis defectionibus, soli luna obstat. 

22. Habet multum jucunditatis soli caelique mutatio. 

23. Ver praebet flores, formosa est messibus aestas. 

24. Navita de ventis, de tauris narrat arator ; 
Enumerat miles vulnera, pastor oves. 

25. Venator feras canibus agitat 

26. Labor et requies sunt pariter necessaria. 5 

27. Itinere et frigore et vulneribus fessus erat miles. 

28. Senum multorum consilia sunt sana, corpora infirma. 

29. Agricola laudat nemora sua amoena, et rura plena 
jucunditatis. 

30. Neque est trepidatio diligentia, neque impudentia 
fortitudo. 

4 That is, "of what belongs to man." 5 Neuter plural (§ 47, 2. b). 

Write in Latin. 

i. The ramparts 1 of the city are high and long. 

2. The boy is in the garden with [his] father and mother. 

3. The hunter's dogs are-hastening to the woods. 

4. Riches, honor, [and] beauty are uncertain. 

5. The enemy (plur.) puts-to-flight 2 the Roman legions. 

6. A fox and a lion were once partners 8 in the chase. 4 

7. The virtue of [one's] parents is a great dower. 5 

8. A constant dropping wears-away 6 a stone. 

9. The mind of man (plur.) is ignorant of future destiny. 

1 moenia. 2 fugo. 1 8 socius. 4 venatio, 

5 dos (f.). 6 cavo. 1 



Parallel Exercises. 53 

10. The broad tree of Jove furnishes acorns for swine. 7 

1 1 . The nymphs are guards of the fountains. 

12. Vulcan furnishes thunderbolts to-Jove. 

13. A thousand shining fishes are-swimming 8 in the stream. 

7 page 14, 3. 8 nato. 1 



Lesson 10. 

Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

Vocabulary, 
adhibeo, 2 apply, ingens, tis, vast, mighty. 

aequor, 5ris (n.), level, sea. iners, tis, idle, inefficient, 
civitas, atis (f.), state, mergus, i (m.), sea-gull. 

fallax, acis, treacherous. pauper, eris, poor (not destitute), 

fi delis, e, faithful. pauper tas, atis (f.), poverty. 

ferens, tis, bri?iging. recens, tis, fresh. 

ferox, ocis, fierce, revolo, 1 ^ back. 

fortis, e, brave. sceleratus, a, urn, wicked. 

impleo, 2 fill. torqueo, 2 hurl. 

Translate into English. 

i. Silvam veterem in montibus videmus. 

2. Inertes semper maxime laborant 1 

3. Medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi. 

4. Impia sub dulci melle venena latent. 

5. Amicorum omnia 2 sunt communia. 

6. Semper gravis est ira regum. 

7. Filius sapiens laetiflcat patrem. 

8. Fortuna fortes 3 juvat. 

9. Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes viros. 

10. Paupertas omnes artes docet. 

11. Alteri 4 divitiae, alteri ingentes opes sunt. 

12. Senex est debilis et annis et morbo. 

13. Timeo hostes et 5 dona ferentes. 

14. Servi fideles pocula vino recenti implent. 

15. Ferox leo agnum asperis lacerat dentibus. 

16. Voluptas fallax est, et inimica virtuti. 

1 i.e. take most trouble. 2 a n thi7igs [every thing). 

3 " the brave" i.e. brave men. 4 "to the one are" i.e. the one has. 5 even. 



54 Latin Method. 

17. Salus civitatis est civium virtus. 

18. Vires 6 virorum sunt inter se 7 dispares. 

19. Terribilia sunt fulmina Jovis, et sceleratis inimica. 

20. Gravibus morbis 8 curationes adhibemus periculosas. 

21. Tu frigus amabile fessis tauris et pecori vago praebes. 

22. Navi fragili omnes venti sunt contrarii. 

6 See page 14, 3. 7 from one another (see § 19, 3. d). 8 Dative. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The lion's strength (plur.) is vast. 

2. In the tomb the poor [man] is equal to the rich. 

3. With mighty force 1 the soldier hurls [his] spear. 

4. The wicked fear the dreadful thunderbolts of Jove. 

5. The valor 2 of general and soldiers is the safety of 
the state. 

6. All good citizens call-on 3 the gods with humble prayers. 

7. A wise father often has a foolish son. 

8. Why do-you-fear the tiger ? 4 Because he has mighty 
teeth and dreadful claws. 

9. The horseman pricks-up 5 [his] horse with sharp spurs. 

10. We fill the bowls daily with fresh milk. 

11. In a short time the enemy (plur.) move [their] camp 
from the plain. 

1 vis. 2 virtus. 3 invoco. 1 4 tigris (§ 11, iii. 6. b). 5 stimulo. 1 

Lesson ii. 

Comparison of Adjectives. 

Vocabulary. 
aequalis, e, of one's own age. jiicundus, a, urn, pleasant 
aequitas, atis (f.), justice. plerique, aeque, aque, most. 

egens, tis, needy. poster!, orum, posterity, 

facetus, a, urn, cheerful, funny, sagax, acis, sagacious. 
felix, Ids, fortunate. validus, a, urn, strong. 

gravis, e, heavy. velox, ocis, swift. 

Translate into English. 

i. Quid est in otio jucundius quam sermo facetus ? 

2. Quis animi maximi aequitatem summam non laudat ? 

3. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate na- 
turali sunt conjuncta. 



Parallel Exercises. 55 

4. Argentum vilius est auro, 1 virtutibus aurum. 

5. Nihil est praestantius sapientia. 

6. Romam, urbem Italiae clarissimam, laudant poetae. 

7. Liberi saepe parentibus sunt simillimi. 

8. O matre pulcra filia pulcrior ! 

9. Caesarem, et virum fortissimum et imperatorem sum- 
mum, nos posteri laudamus. 

10. P. Clodius erat nequissimus 2 omnium aequalium. 

11. Hostes maximum oppidum Sequanorum oppugnant. 

12. Hieme pauperes sunt egentissimi. 

13. Senem sapientissimum omnes Catonem vocant. 

14. Magister noster omnium est doctissimus. 

15. Lupi ferociores sunt quam canes. 

16. Feliciores erant filii quam patres. 

17. Filia pulchra pulcherrimae matri est simillima. 

18. Permulti 3 senes validiores sunt quam plerique pueri. 

19. Omnium animalium ferocissimus est tigris, sagacissimus 
elephantus, callidissima vulpes. 

* than gold (abl.). 2 See § 17, 2. 3 See § 17, 5. d. 

Write in Latin, 

i. No one of the Romans was more eloquent than Cicero, 
no one more wise than Cato. 

2. It was a very-heavy 1 load. 

3. Care is swifter than the winds. 

4. The glory of the Roman people was greatest in war. 

5. The deeds of brave men are often very obscure. 

6. Dogs are more sagacious than cats. 

7. A queen is often the most wretched of all women. 

8. Cornelia was the elder of the [two] sisters. 

9. Men often dread even the smallest evils. 

10. In the forest are very-many fierce animals, among 
others boars, wolves, and bears. 

11. The children were more fortunate than [their] parents. 

12. The farmer's servant is-giving very poor fodder 2 to 
his cattle. 8 

* Superlative. 2 malum pabulum. 3 doves (see page 14, 3). 



56 Latin Method. 

Lesson 12. 

Fourth and Fifth Declensions* 

Vocabulary, 

acies, ei (f.), edge, line-of-battle. orno, 1 adorn. 

adventus, us (m.), coming. partus, a, urn, gotten. 

caesaries, ei (f.), hair, locks. pendeo, 2 hang, depend. 

contra, against. posterus, a, um, the next. 

fluctus, us (m.), billow. praeclarus, a, um, glorious. 

glacies, ei (f.), ice. roscidus, a, um, dewy. 

male, ill, badly. sudo, 1 sweat, distil. 

minax, acis, threatening. unguis, is (m.), claw. 

Translate into English. 

i. Ex parvis rebus saepe magnae pendent. 

2. Durae quercus sudant roscida mella. 

3. Est mihi domi pater, est optima mater. 

4. Altas quercus in silvis videmus. 

5. In alto lacu plurimi sunt pisces. 

6. Puerum minacia tauri cornua terrent. 

7. Domus sunt splendidae in oppido. 

8. Plurimas naves in portu videmus. 

9. In magnis fluctibus maris natant pueri. 

10. Validis arcubus Persae pugnant, longissimis hastis 
Macedones. 

11. Circiter meridiem milites ad magistratus festinant. 

12. Postero die Caesar cum omni equitatu confertissima 
acie pugnat. 

13. Pecunia male parta materies est plurimorum malorum. 

14. Soror fidei est justitia. 

15. Solis occasu Caesar aciem Gallorum militibus suis 
monstrat. 

16. Filio suo Aeneae alma Venus caesariem dat decoram. 

17. Spes victoriae milites delectat. 

18. Tauri contra leones eornibus pugnant. 

19. Fortuna est domina rerum humanarum. 

20. Cantibus avium parvarum magnopere gaudemus. 

21. Non domus nostra corpus est, sed hospitium, et quidem 
breve. 



Parallel Exercises. 57 

Write in Latin. 

i. The father's coming delights the children. 

2. The face of the goddess was most beautiful. 

3. Caesar, with all his cavalry, fights against the line-of- 
battle of the Gauls. 

4. We see very-hard ice upon 1 the lake. 

5. A good man always keeps his promise. 5 

6. Bulls fight with [their] horns, boars with their tusks, 
lions with their claws. 

7. In the most wretched case, 2 hope sustains 8 [our] minds. 

8. About sunset the enemy (plur.) hasten towards 4 the city. 

9. Of all things the sun is most glorious. 

1 in (with abl.). 2 status * 8 sustento. 1 4 ad. 

s fides. 

Lesson 13. 

Pronouns : Personal and Demonstrative. 

Vocabulary. 

artifex, icis (m.), crafts?nan. ortus, us (m.), rising. 

collega, ae (m.), colleague. par, paris, equal {^ 16, 3. a), 

formica, ae (f.), ant. poema, atis (n.), poem. 

frugi (indecl. § 17, 2), thrifty. respondeo, 2 answer. 

mandatum, i (n.), command. rideo, 2 latigh^ laugh at. 
nonnullus, a, urn, some (§ 41, 2. e, R.). seges, etis (f.), standing com. 

occasus, us (m.), setting. vehementer, exceedingly. 

Translate into English. 

i. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae. 

2. Saepe eadem mandata servis suis dat artifex. 

3. Cur stulta ista rana bovi magnitudinem 1 invidet ? 

4. Nemo hanc animi maximi aequitatem in ipsa morte 2 
non laudat. 

5. Pastor canisque ejus sunt fessi. 

6. Ego et tu et f rater tuus una ambulamus. 

7. Et tu et nonnulli collegae tui vehementer erratis. 

8. Formica cibum sibi aestate parat. 

1 envy to the ox his size, i.e. envy the ox for his size. 

2 at the very point of death. 



58 Latin Method. 

9. Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate inter 
se naturali sunt juncta. 

10. Ranae stultae regem a Jove orant. Pater deorum 
ridet, atque eis dat parvum tigillum. 

11. Ilia seges votis respondet frugi agricolae. 

12. Sol nobis signa dat, sive ortu sive occasu. 

13. Nemo hostis nobiscum 3 paribus armis pugnat. 

14. Ille dies erat tristissimus ; haec nox est laetissima. 

15. Omnia mea 4 mecum porto. 

16. Vos vobiscum 5 pugnatis. 

17. Stultus sibi est inimicus. 

18. Virtus vitiumque semper inter se 6 pugnant. 

19. Ista poemata nobis sunt grata. 

20. Non omnes eadem laudamus. 

3 See p. 19,/*. 4 my possessions. 5 Less. 13, a. 6 See § 19, 3. d. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Fools and the impatient are always righting with them- 
selves. 1 

2. These apples are sweet, those [are] sour. 

3. We are wretched, you are happy. 

4. Covetous [men] are hostile to themselves. 

5. You 2 praise yourself too-much. 

6. These songs are most pleasing to us. 

7. I am a shepherd, you are a robber. 

8. He has his brother with him at-home. 

9. One of these boys is diligent, the other lazy. 

1 secum, or inter se. 2 ipse. 

Lesson 14. 

Pronouns: Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite. 

Vocabulary. 
aestus, us (m.), tide. obtineo, 2 hold, keep. 

aliquamdiu,/tfr some time. ora, ae (f.), shore. 

auctoritas, atis (f.), authority. postulo, 1 claim, demand. 
cruor, oris (m.), blood (when shed), quivis (§ 21, 2. c), any, every. 
f initimus, a, um, neighboring. sanguis, inis (m.), blood. 

insto, 1 to be at hand. tolero, 1 endure. 

maritlmus, a, um, of the sea. tumultus, us (m.), confusion. 



Parallel Exercises. 59 

Translate into English. 

i. Cuivis dolori remedium est patientia. 

2. Num quod 1 eloquentiae vestigium in Numa Pompilio 
apparet ? 

3. Miles quern laudas fidem non servat. 

4. Quern deorum non invocamus ? 

5. Omnia animalia quae sanguinem habent, habent 
etiam cor. 

6. Dies instat, quo die populus Romanus magistratus 
quotannis creat. 

7. Bestiae in quo loco natae sunt, se ex eo 2 non com- 
movent. 

8. Erat luna plena, quo die maximi sunt aestus maritimi. 

9. Sunt nonnulli, quorum auctoritas apud 3 plebem pluri- 
mum valet. 

10. Milites, quibus rex gratissimus erat, maestum aliquam- 
diu silentium obtinent. 

11. Hie quoque sunt matres miserorum et parvuli liberi, 
quorum utrorumque 4 aetas laborem meum postulat. 

12. Thebae ipsae, quod Boeotiae caput est, in magno 
tumultu erant. 5 

13. Ibi vides quicquid 6 habeo copiarum. 

14. Res Romana cuilibet finitimarum civitatum par erat. 

15. Quo 7 major exercitus, eo 7 gravior clades est. 

16. Ut quisque est exercitus maximus, 8 ita gravissima 
clades. 

17. Quibus precibus virgines sanctae Vestam fatigant ! 

18. Quae caret 9 ora cruore nostro ? 

19. Quern virum aut heroa 10 lyra celebramus ? 

20. Tu, quae 11 tua est fortitudo, adversam fortunam facillime 
toleras. 

1 any (§ 21, I. a). 2 Supply loco, and translate before in quo. 

3 with. 4 of both of whom (§ 21, 2. e). 

6 Translate was, as to us the name Thebes is singular. 
6 See § 21, 2. b. 7 See § 22, c. 

8 i.e. the greater any army is (See § 17, 5. d). 

9 is without, i.e. is clear from the stain. 10 See § 11, iii. 6.f 
11 such is, &c 



60 Lathi Method. 

21. Estne quisquam 12 (or, num quis est) omnium morta- 
lium justior ac fortior quam hie, quern merito laudas ? 

22. Quemcumque 13 videmus amicum, eum gratum habemus. 

12 § 21, 2. h. 1 3 See p. 20, a. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The boys whom you praise are very idle. 

2. What was the cause of the war ? Who is-tending 1 the 
wounded 2 soldiers ? 

3. Those are good citizens who adorn the state by their 
warlike 3 glory, and their own homes by their virtues. 

4. Whatever I have of riches, I give all to you. 

5. We honor Rome, which 4 is the head of all Italy. 

6. There was war between the Romans and Samnites, 
both of whom 5 were brave and warlike people. 6 

7. Anybody 7 enters the town in-the-day-time. 8 

8. Which do you consider the greatest general, Caesar, 

Scipio, or Hannibal? Which the better 9 orator, Cicero or 

Demosthenes ? 

1 euro. 2 vulneratus 3 bellicus. 4 Neuter. 

5 Nominative. 6 Plural. 7 quivis. 8 interdiu. 9 § 17, 5. a. 



Lesson 19. 

Regular Verb: First Conjugation (Active), 

Vocabulary. 
avoco, 1 call away. litus, oris (n.), shore. 

canus, a, um, gray, hoary. luctus, us (m.), grief. 

colonus, i (m.), farmer (colonist). lustro, 1 purify. 

egregius, a, um, remarkable. nex, necis (F.), death. 

foedus, a, um, disgraceful. occupo, 1 seize. 

gens, gentis (f.), race, nation. quondam, once, formerly. 

illustro, 1 make famous. vehementer, exceedingly. 

Translate into English. 

1. In medio campo errabant timidae oves. 

2. Ferox lupus agnum nece injusta laceravit, nam fontem 
liquidum agnus miser non turbaverat. 



Parallel Exercises. 61 

3. Lauda mare : litus ama. 

4. Humida solstitia atque hiemes orate serenas, 
Agricolae. 

5. Me ne commendaveris 1 Caesari tuo. 

6. Et tu et nonnulli collegae tui vehementer erravistis. 

7. Nihil sine magno labore vita dedit mortalibus. 

8. Magna fuit quondam capitis reverentia cani. 

9. Foedus hostium timor omnem exercitum occupaverat. 

10. Sulpiciorum 2 familiam egregia juris scientia illustravit. 

11. Filium meum a conjunctione Caesaris 3 avocavi. 

12. Luctus filii 4 mortui animum patris agitabat. 

13. Me vexant luctus et longae taedia vitae. 

14. Suevi, 5 Germanorum gens bellicosissima, fertilissima 
Germaniae loca occupaverant. 

15. Cum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem ipsam oppug- 
nabunt. 

1 Prohibition (see p. 23, 1. c). 2 The Sulpicii, a Roman family. 

8 Translate with Ccesar. 4 Translate for, &c. 

5 The Siicviy or Swabians. 

Write in Hatin. 

i. The enemy had seized 1 the camp by night. 

2. You had asked, I refused. 

3. If the enemy are-holding 2 the woods, they will easily 
drive our cavalry. 

4. The soldiers carry ladders with them, 3 and easily enter 
the town. 

5. Let 4 the soldiers carry 4 corn with them into the camp. 

6. A stag praised his branching horns, but blamed the 
extreme thinness 5 of his legs. 

7. Citizen (plur.) strove with citizen in valor. 6 

8. Do not carry all the corn with you. 

9. Let us take-a-walk 7 in the garden. 

10. The farmer sailed-over 8 the fields which he lately 
ploughed. 

1 occnpo. 2 teneo. 3 secum. 4 Present subj. 

5 nimia tenuitas. 6 virtus. 1 deambulo. 8 navigo. 



62 Latin Method. 

Lesson 20. 

Kegular Verb: First Conjugation (Passive), 

Vocabulary. 

appello, 1 call) address. oppugno, 1 attack. 

domo, 1 ui, itum, subdue. perturbo, 1 alarm. 

effemino, enfeeble. repudio, 1 reject. 

extra, outside of. trepido, 1 tremble. 

fautor, oris (m.), partisan. voluntas, atis (f.), will. 

honorificus, a, urn, honorable. vulnero, 1 wound. 

Translate into English. 

i. Agnus miser nece injusta laceratus est a lupo. 

2. Monstrum ingens a virgine domitum est. 

3. Nos omnium miserrimae virginum appellatae sumus. 

4. Vos a Senatu honorificentissime 1 appellati estis. 

5. Totis 2 trepidatum est 3 castris. 2 

6. Diu a Gallis acerrime 1 pugnabatur. 

7. Illis locis 4 extra moenia non habitatur. 

8. Haec urbs nostra a Gallis oppugnata est. 

9. Regio imperio 5 duo sunto, iique consules appellantor. 

10. Illius viri voluntati semper obtemperatur. 6 

11. Cur tantum perturbamini, cives ? 

12. Maria magna a Carthaginiensibus navigabantur. 

13. A fautoribus utriusque poetae 7 diu disputatum est. 

14. De agro cum regis legatis disceptatum est. 

15. Ea quae animos effeminant non importantur. 

16. Vera gloria nunquam a bonis viris repudiatur. 

17. Ab omnibus promissa perpetuo servantor. 

18. A dis quoque habitabuntur silvae. 

19. Templis 8 deorum a Romanis temperatum est. 

1 See § 17, 1. c ; 4. 2 Translate, throughout the camp (see § 55, 3,/). 
3 there was terror. 4 in, &c. 6 of royal power. 

6 Translate is heeded, taking the will as subject. 1 of both poets. 

8 See Note 6. 

Write in Latin. 

i. All the soldiers will be wounded. 
2. The faithful 1 guards were praised by all the citizens. 

1 fidus. 



Parallel Exercises. 63 

3. The nightingale 2 is charmed 3 by her-own songs. 

4. Wreaths had been given to the victorious 4 soldiers. 

5. Let the mountain be occupied 5 by our [men]. 

6. [A battle] will be fought to-morrow. 6 

7. Between the wolf and dog there was a long 7 dispute. 8 

8. Are you alarmed, Romans, at 9 the dangers of war ? 

9. There was-terror 8 throughout 10 the city. 

2 luscinia. 3 delecto. * victor. 5 occupo. 6 cras% 

7 diu. 8 Verb, impers. passive. 9 Ablative. w totus. 



Lesson 21. 

Regular Verb: First Conjugation (Noun and Adjective Forms). 

Vocabulary. 

aedifico, 1 build. quamvis, however. 

apto, 1 ^/. redundo, 1 overflow. 

calco, 1 tread. vacat, 1 there is leisure. 

debeo, 2 owe, ought. vasto, 1 ravage. 

jubeo, 2 jussi, command. veto, 1 ui, itum, forbid. 

maneo, 2 wait, await. virilis, e, manly. 

numero, 1 count. volo, 1 ^. 

Translate into English. 

i. Turpe est terga 1 hostibus dare in armis. 

2. Beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest. 

3. Aut prodesse volunt, aut delectare poetae. 

4. Aptari onus viribus debet. 

5. Sine pennis volare haud facile est. 

6. Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum 
congregantur. 

7. Ager quamvis fertilis sine cultura fructuosus esse non 
potest. 

8. Neque abesse quicquam debet, neque redundare. 

9. Arandi an 2 navigandi ars utilior est ? 

10. Omnes una manet nox, et calcanda 3 semel via leti. 4 

11. Animo cupido nihil satis festinatur. 5 

1 show the back to, i.e. retreat before. 2 or (§ 71, 2). 

3 i.e. we must tread. * Understand est. 6 i.e. goes fast enough. 



64 Latin Method. 

12. Num potest esse bonus imperator sine usu rei-militaris, 4 
aut sine scientia regionum terrestrium 5 aut maritimarum ? 

13. Summae dementiae 6 est in vitiis perseverare. 

14. Aequam memento rebus in arduis servare mentem. 

15. Divitem me esse vicini falso existimant. 

16. Leges duo ex una familia magistratus creari vetuerunt. 

17. Contra libidines est pugnandum. 7 

18. Te hilari esse animo valde me juvat. 

19. Inchoare (or, incohare) haec studia non vacabit. 

20. Armatos video stantes in limine primo. 

21. Magna pars hominum, navigatura, 8 de tempestate non 
cogitat. 

22. Anco regnante 9 Lucumo Romam 10 commigravit. 

23. Hannibal ad vastandam Italiam paratus erat. 

24. Infandum,regina,jubes renovare dolorem. 

4 soldiership. 5 See § 16, 2. a. 6 a mark of &c. 

7 i.e. we musty &c. 8 intending to sail. 9 in the reign of Ancus. 

10 to Rome. 

Write in Latin. 

i. We are good men if we help 1 those 2 whom 2 we can help. 

2. Caesar denies that he 3 can 4 give to any a way 5 through 
the province. 

3. No-one beholding the whole 6 earth will doubt of 7 divine 
providence. 

4. While fighting, 8 keep an even temper. 

5. I see that you are of a cheerful temper. 

6. No one [when] about-to-sail ought to think of storms. 

7. Can any-one 9 be a good commander without knowledge 
of soldiership ? 

8. For a soldier 10 to refuse obedience is disgraceful. 11 

9. The Germans were prepared to ravage Gaul. 12 

10. The ancient laws forbade a plebeian 13 to be elected 
consul. 

11. We are about-to-remove into the city. 

1 prosum. 2 Dative. 3 se% 4 Infinitive. 5 iter. 

6 universus. 7 de. 8 inter with ace. of gerund. 9 num quis. 
10 Accusative. U turpis (neut.). 12 Gallia. ^ plebeius. 



Parallel Exercises. 65 

Lesson 22. 

Regular Verb : Second Conjugation. 

Vocabulary. 

adflicto, 1 dash about. pendeo, 2 pependi, hang. 

coetus, us (m.), assembly. principium, i (n.), beginning. 

delectus, us (m.), a levy (of sentes, ium (m.), thorns. 

troops). stipula, ae (f.), stubble. 

habeo, 2 ui, itum, have, hold. sustineo, 2 ui, tentum, sustain. 

improbus, a, um, wicked. tondeo, 2 totondi, topsum, cut, 
inrideo, 2 risi, risum, deride. mow. 

mitis, e, gentle. vehementer, vigorously. 

pareo, 2 ui, itum, obey (with dat). vigeo, 2 ui, thrive, flourish. 

Translate into English. 

i. Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. 

2. Hostes impetum legionum atque equitum non sustine- 
bant. 

3. Ne invideris fratri tuo 1 

4. In Romana civitate nulla umquam vehementius quam 
eloquentiae studia viguerunt. 

5. Necessitati parere semper sapientis 2 est habitum. 

6. Ille patris magni parere parabat imperio. 

7. Nullum ad nocendum tempus angustum 3 est improbis. 

8. Non mihi quicquam praestabilius videtur quam posse 
eloquentia tenere hominum coetus. 

9. Impius ne audeto 4 placare donis iram deorum. 

10. Uno tempore longas-naves 5 aestus complevit, et onera- 
rias 6 tempestas adflictabat. 

11. Non modo non invidetur juventuti, verum etiam 
favetur. 

12. Bonus homo civibus suis gratum se videri studet. 

13. Delectum haberi prohibebo. 

14. Populi Romani auctoritati parendum est. 

15. Nostri milites a pugnando non abhorrebant 

16. Caesar Catonem inridere visus est. 

17. Conscia mens recti famae mendacia ridet. 

1 See p. 23, \. c. 2 wise, i.e. the act of a wise man. 3 too-short. 

4 let not, &>c. (see § 35, 2). 5 galleys. 6 [ships] of burden. 

5 



66 Latin Method. 

Write in ILatm. 

i. You seem to me to be of a very cheerful mind. 

2. The enemy kept themselves hidden in the woods. 

3. The consul forbade the army to move from winter- 
quarters. 1 

4. We shall always obey the laws of the country. 

5. Here the soldiers stood, and stoutly 2 sustained the 
attack of the enemy. 

6. Carthage was destroyed by the younger 3 Scipio Afri- 
canus. 

7. It is difficult for a coward 4 to appear brave. 4 

8. No one should 5 envy anybody. 6 

9. Gaul is bounded by the river Rhine and the ocean. 

10. The power of the Romans was feared by all nations. 

11. Our friends were warned in vain. 

12. The frogs were frightened by the sound of the log. 

13. A monkey sat [as] judge between a wolf and a fox. 

1 Ablative. 2 for -titer. 3 minor. 4 Accusative. 5 debet. 

6 quisquam. 



Lesson 23. 

Regular Verb: Third Conjugation. 

Vocabulary. 
ago, 3 egi, actum, pass, act. peto, 3 petivi (ii), Itum, seek. 

cespes, itis (m.), turf. rector, oris (m.) , ruler. 

cinis, eris (m.), ashes. rumpo, 3 rupi, ruptum, break. 

exsisto, 3 stiti, stitum, arise. tango, 3 tetigi, tactum, touch. 

mitto, 3 misi, missum, send. tolerabilis, e, passable. 

natus, a, um, born. traho, 3 xi, ctum, drag, bring. 

Translate into English. 

i. Rectores civitatis boni sapientesque exstitere multi ; 
oratores autem diu nulli boni, vix singulis 1 aetatibus singuli 1 
tolerabiles inveniuntur. 

2. Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem. 

3. Ex ducentis viginti navibus triginta fugerunt, non- 
aginta cum pugnatoribus captae sunt, demersae ceterae. 

1 See Grammar, § 18, 2. a. 



Parallel Exercises. 67 

4. Ranae ab Jove regem petiere. 2 Pater deorum risit, 
atque illis dedit parvum tigillum. 

5. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt. 

6. Vita omnis Germanorum in venationibus atque in rebus 
militaribus agitur ; ab parvulis labori ac duritiae student. 

7. Aratus, homo ignarus astrologiae, optimis versibus de 
caelo stellisque dixit. 

8. Hominis 3 est animum praeparare, Dei autem est regere 
eventus. 

9. Cur times flavum Tiberim tangere ? 

10. Non vivere bonum est, sed bene vivere. 

11. Philosophia ars et ratio est bene vivendi. 

12. Ne necesse habueris 4 epistolam reddere. 

13. Homines ad intelligendum et ad agendum nati sumus. 

14. Hoc ne 5 nunc quidem 5 difficile factu est. 

15. Ne sapiens quidem semper sapit ; stultus non semper 
desipit. 

16. Haedui 6 legatos ad Caesarem miserant rogatum 7 
auxilium. 

17. Pontem in Arari Caesar faciendum curat. 

18. Non est injussu 8 imperatoris, id est Dei, de statione 
vitae decedendum. 

19. Veritas et justitia vel 9 amicitiae sunt anteponenda. 

20. Theramenes 10 conjectus in carcerem venenum hilariter 
ac fortiter bibisse dicitur. 

21. Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. 

2 See p. 27, c$ 3 man's part. 4 do not consider, &*c. 

5 not men. 6 The sEdui, a people of Gaul. ? Supine. 

8 See § 12, 4. b. 9 even. 

10 Theramenes, a politician of Athens, one of the Thirty Tyrants, 
put to death by his colleagues. 

"Write in Latin. 

i. Cicero wrote many letters to his friend Atticus. 

2. Unrelenting 1 labor conquers all [things]. 

3. Caesar with all [his] cavalry made an attack 2 upon 3 the 
Germans, who presently 4 sent ambassadors to him to-ask peace. 

1 improbus. 2 i??ipetus.^ 3 in (with ace). 4 mox. 



68 Latin Method. 

4. Antony married 5 Octavia, the sister of Octavianus. 

5. Octavia, the sister of Octavianus, married 6 Antony. 7 

6. The mischievous 8 boys were-running through my 
garden. 

7. The forces of the Romans were led by Crassus. 

8. The [commander's] tent 9 had been set-on-fire by the 
barbarians. 

9. Two stags of vast size 10 were caught by the hunters. 

10. The women weeping threw 11 themselves at 12 Caesar's 13 
feet. 

11. After the log, Jupiter sent a water-snake 14 to the 
wretched frogs, which devoured them daily. 

12. The senate decreed rewards to the soldiers who had 
not betrayed the town. 

5 duco. 6 nubo. 7 Dative. 8 improbus. 9 praetorium. 

10 corpus (abl.). u projicio. 12 ad. 13 Dative. 14 hydrus. 

Lesson 24. 

Regular Verb: Fourth Conjugation. 

Vocabulary. 
aheneus, a, um, of -brass. nutrio, 4 feed, nourish. 

aperio, 4 ui, apertus, open. palus, udis (f.), 7narsh. 

catena, ae (f.), chain. salio, 4 ui, saltum, leap. 

coerceo, 2 ui, itum, check. sentio, 4 si, sum, feel, judge. 

conscio, 4 be-conscious. uro, 3 ussi, ustum, burn. 

invenio, 4 veni, ventum, find, urtica, ae (f.), nettle. 

discover. vincio, 4 vinxi, vinctum, bind. 

maestus, a, um, sorrowing. vlnea, ae (f.), trellis (for vines). 

Translate into English. 

i. Ubinam in terris cygnum nigrum inveniemus ? 

2. Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant. 

3. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis. 

4. Saepius 1 ventis agitatur ingens 
Pinus, et celsae graviore casu 
Decidunt turres, feriuntque summos 
Fulgura montes. 

1 See § 17, 5. a. 



Parallel Exercises. 69 

5. Aliud 2 est audire, aliud intelligere. 

6. Hie murus aheneus esto : 

Nil conscire sibi, nulla pallescere culpa. 

7. Alius alio 3 plura invenire potest, nemo omnia. 

8. Athenis summa dicendi vis et inventa est et perfecta. 

9. Fame coacta 4 vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem 
appetebat, summis saliens viribus. 

10. Minime sibi quisque notus est, et difficillime de se 
quisque sentit. 

11. Terra salutiferas herbas, eademque nocentes 

Nutrit ; et urticae proxima saepe rosa est. 

12. Cn. 6 Julius Agricola prima in juventute studium philo- 
sophiae acrius hausit: prudentia matris incensum animum 
coercuit. 

13. Divitis audita estcui 6 non opulentia Croesi? 

14. Ludibrio fratris Remus novos transiliit muros. Inde 
ab irato Romulo interfectus est. 

15. Impium lenite clamorem, sodales. 

16. Jugurtha, Numidarum rex, regie vestitus et vinctus 
catenis, cum duobus filiis, currum victoris antecessit. 

17. Hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito neve urito. 

18. In montibus castellum erat ingens, natura munltum. 

19. Oppidani portas patefaciunt Romanis. 

20. Summo labore urbs erat munita. 

21. Corneliae filii maxima cura a matre eruditi erant. 

22. Militum corpora a sociis sepulta sunt. 

23. Vere colles arvaque floribus vestiuntHr. 

24. Asinus rudit, bos mugit, canis latrat, catulus gannit, 
equus hinnit, gallus canit^corvus crocit, leo rugit, ovis balat, 
serpens sibilat, sus grunnit, infans vagit. 

2 one thing, 3 See § 47, 9. * cogo* 5 See § 15, 4. 

6 by whom ? 

Write in Latin. 

1. The body of Caesar was buried by his sorrowing friends. 

2. The Roman camp had been fortified by Labienus with 
great labor. 



70 Latin Method. 

3. The Helvetii had now 1 arrived-at 2 the territory 3 of the 
Sequani. 

4. A great crash is heard in the woods, from falling trees. 4 

5. The Britons 5 were clothed with skins, and lived 6 in the 
woods and marshes. 

6. Those scoundrelly 7 robbers were severely punished. 

7. Let the gates of the city be opened to the conquering 
army. 

8. In spring the trees are clad with blossoms, in summer 
are laden 8 with fruits. 

9. The soldiers bound the prisoner with chains. 

10. In punishing, 9 anger is by-no-means 10 to-be-admitted. 11 

11. Let the voice of justice be-heard. 12 

1 jam. 2 pervenia in. 8 fines. 4 Genitive. 5 Britannus. 

6 habito. 1 1 scelestus. 8 onero}- 9 Gerund. 10 minime, 

11 adhibendus. 12 Pres. subjunctive. 

Lesson 25. 

Deponent Verbs. 

Vocabulary. 
adipiscor, 3 adeptus, gain, get. loquor, 3 locutus, speak. 
adsequor, 3 secutus,^/^, reach, maternus, a, urn, of a mother. 
aggredior, 3 aggressus, attack. mentior, 4 speak falsehood. 
arx, arcis (f.), tower. nascor, 3 natus, be born. 

classis, is (f.), fleet. polliceor, 2 itus, promise. 

egredior, 3 egressus, go out. populeus, a, urn, of the poplar. 

frons, tis (f.), brow. queror, 3 questus, bewail. 

fruor, 3 fructus, enjoy. sequor, 3 secutus,/^//^^. 

irascor, 3 iratus, be angry. iitor, 3 usus, use, employ. 

Translate into English. 

i. Testis fidelis non mentitur. 

2. Nunquam sapiens irascitur. 

3. De multis rebus locuti sumus. 

4. Subita tempestas morabatur classem. 

5. Saepe suas Liber 1 miratus-est uvas. 

6. Vocalem Orphea 2 insecutae-sunt silvae. 

1 A name of Bacchus. 2 See p. 5, g. 



Parallel Exercises. 71 

7. Improbus plurima pollicetur, pauca perficit. 

8. Populea Philomela 3 sub umbra 
Amissos queritur pullos. 

9. Nemo potentes aggreditur tutus. 4 

10. Sine studio et ardore quodam amoris nihil egregium 
quisquam adsequetur. 

11. Cur stulta ista rana bovem imitatur ? 

12. Frons, oculi, vultus, saepe mentiuntur. 

13. Nox atque praeda hostes remorata sunt. 

14. Deos deasque omnes ne eveniat 5 precamur. 

15. Omnia vetustate labuntur, nee quicquam tutum a 
senectute est. 

16. Aliquando oculi suo munere non funguntur. 

17. Omnibus in vita commodis 6 una cum amicis fruere.* 7 

18. Puppibus egressus Latia stetit exsul in herba. 

19. Deos solos venerabantur German! Solem et Volcanum 
et Lunam. In fluminibus saepe lavabantur, et pellibus aut 
parvis tegimentis utebantur. 

20. Sine ullo vulnere victoria Caesar potitur. 

21. Tu voluptate frueris, ego utor. 

22. Senectutem omnes sperant, eandem accusant adeptam. 8 

23. Orpheus arte materna 9 rapidos fluminum lapsus mora- 
batur. 

24. Non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem ; 
Robustus quoque jam tauris juga sol vet arator. 

25. Nocens omnis 10 de se loquentes audire videtur. 

3 nightingale. 4 See § 47, 6. 5 that it may not happen. 

6 advantages (see § 75, 31). 7 Imperative. 8 See § 35, i.^-. 

9 with his mother's skill: Orpheus was the son of Apollo and the Muse 

Calliope. 10 Ace. plur. (see § 16, 3. c l ). 

"Write in Latin. 

i. The Rauraci go-forth 1 along with the Helvetii into 
Gaul. 

2. Many of 2 the Greeks, who had gone forth [to] Troy 
never returned 3 home. 

3. Orgetorix persuades Dumnorix to-attempt 4 the same. 

1 proficiscor? 2 ex. 8 reverter? sus. 4 conor (use ut with pies. subj.). 



72 Latin Method. 

4. Cato the elder died in the eighty-fifth year of his age. 

5. On-every-side 5 flowers sprang-up 6 in the fields and 
meadows. 

6. A violent storm delayed Caesar [when] about-to-sail 
for 7 Greece. 

7. Speak little, 8 promise with-caution, 9 and remember 
always to keep [your] word. 10 

8. The lieutenant will measure-out 11 corn to the soldiers. 

9. I entirely forgot myself. 12 

10. Pity me, 12 pity our hardships. 

11. My son has reached 13 the same grades 14 of honor. 

5 undique. 6 nascor. 7 in. 8 paiica (n. plur.). 9 caute. 

10 servare jidem. ll metior. 12 Genitive. 13 consequor. 

14 gradus. 

Lesson 26. 

Irregular, Defective, and Impersonal Verbs. 

Vocabulary. 

conspicio, 3 spexi, ctum, behold. profero, display. 

demum, in short. repentinus, a, urn, sudden. 

f inio, 4 put an end to. retro, backward. 

iracundus, a, urn, passionate. supplex, icis, suppliant. 

nemus, oris (n.), grove, venor, 1 hunt. 

Translate into English. 

i. Acriores fiebant dux militesque. 

2. Quid est tarn regium quam opem ferre supplrcibus ? 

3. Idem 1 velle atque idem nolle, ea demum vera est 
amicitia. 

4. Noli esse amicus homini iracundo. 

5. Virtuti retro ire non licet. 

6. Potest ex casa magnus vir exire ; virtus omni loco 
nascitur. 

7. Aut prodesse volunt aut delectare poetae. 

8. Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum. 

9. Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido 
In nemus ire parant. 

1 alike. 



Parallel Exercises. 73 

10. Fame coacta vulpes uvam alta in vinea pendentem 
adpetebat, summis saliens viribus. Tangere autem non po- 
tuit. Tunc discedens, " Nondum " inquit " est matura ; nolo 
acerbam sumere." 

11. Ipse animi discessus a corpore fit sine dolore, et fit 
plerumque sine sensu, nonnunquam etiam cum voluptate. 

12. Romani Sabinique in media valle redintegrarunt 2 proe- 
lium. Turn Sabinae mulieres, crinibus passis 3 scissaque 
veste, 4 ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre, hinc patres 
hinc viros orantes. Movet res cum 5 multitudinem turn 5 duces. 
Silentium et repentina fit quies. Inde duces prodeunt, nee 
pacem modo sed civitatem unam ex duabus faciunt, regnum 
consociant, imperium omne conferunt Romam. 

2 See § 30, 6. a. 3 Participle oi pando. 

4 with dishevelled locks and torn garments. 5 See § 22, d. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Many cannot bear the pain of sickness. 

2. Bad citizens bore arms against [their] country. 

3. The river Rhine flows 1 a long distance through the 
territory of the Germans. 

4. The Helvetii wonder that Caesar 2 has so-long borne 2 
the wrongs brought on by them. 

5. The sapling at length becomes a tree. - 

6. Do-not 3 tell-a-lie. 

7. What we wish we gladly believe. 

8. Love others, if you wish to be loved yourself. 

9. Many will hate you, if you love yourself alone. 

10. We 5 are-allowed 4 to be free. 5 

11. Remember that you are mortal. • 

12. Then the god said : " Because you would-not 6 bear your 
good, endure 7 the eviL" 

13. At length Caesar (ace.) was weary of the business. 

14. While the greedy dog wishes to grasp the shadow, he 
lets-fall 8 the meat from his mouth. 

1 Lit. "is borne." 2 Accus. and infin. 3 noli (§ 57, 7. a). 

* licet. b Dative. 6 nolo. ? perfero. 8 omitto. 



74 Latin Method. 

Examples in Poetry. 



i. Jam glacialis hiemps squalentia protulit ora, 
Terraque marmoreo Candida facta gelu est; 
Nix jacet, et glaciem nee sol pluviaeve resolvunt, 
Indurat Boreas, perpetuamque f acit. — Ovid. 

2. Jam satis terris nivis atque dirae 
Grandinis misit Pater, et rubente 
Dextera sacras jaculatus arces 

Terruit urbem. — Horace. 

3. Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramina campis, 

Arboribusque comae ; 
Mutat terra vices, et decrescentia ripas 

Flumina praetereunt ; 
Frigora mitescunt Zephyris ; Ver proterit Aestas. — Id. 

4. Molli paulatim flavescet campus arista, 
Incultis rubens pendebit sentibus uva, 

Et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella. — Virgil. 

5. Cespes Tyrio mollior ostro 
Solet impavidos ducere somnos : 
Aurea rumpunt tecta quietem, 
Vigilesque trahit purpura noctes ; 
Pectora pauper secura gerit. 

6. Beatus ille qui procul negotiis, 

Ut prisca gens mortalium, 
Paterna rura bubus exercet suis, 

Solutus omni fenore ; 
Neque excitatur classico miles truci, 

Neque horret iratum mare ; 
Forumque vitat, et superba civium 

Potentiorum limina. — Horace. 

7. Justum ac tenacem propositi virum 
Non civium ardor prava jubentium, 

Non vultus instantis tyranni, 
Mente quatit solida. — Id. 



Constructions of Syntax. 75 



PART SECOND. 



CONSTRUCTIONS OF SYNTAX. 

Note. — It may be best to proceed at once from the foregoing 
lessons to the course of reading provided in Part Fourth, reserving 
the following section to be studied as the constructions occur in 
reading, and for systematic practice in writing Latin, once a week 
or oftener, at the convenience of the teacher. It should be com- 
pared with the "Synopsis of Constructions" given at the end of 
this volume. The letter R. refers to the short rules on pages 
162, 163 (Grammar, § 75). 

A. — Uses of Cases : 1. As Objects of Verbs. 

Notice that all of the four Oblique cases may be used in Latin 
with different classes of verbs, being represented alike in English 
by the Objective case. Thus, — 

1. hominem video, I see the man (Accusative). 

2. homini servio, I serve the man (Dative). 

3. hominis misereor, I pity the man (Genitive). 

4. nomine amico utor, I treat the man as a friend (Ablative). 

I. Accusative as Direct Object. 

Learn § 52, 1. (Object-Accusative), with a, &, d 
(verbs of feeling, cognate accusative, and com- 
pounds). 

a. The accusatives in a are usually rendered with a preposition 
in English, though sometimes a transitive verb may be supplied : 
as, ridere, to laugh at or ridicule; dolere, to grieve at or 
lament, &c. 

b. With the compounds in d compare those of § 52, 2. d; 
noticing that there is usually no difference in the translation of the 
two classes of verbs, which are generally transitive in English : as, 
adire aliquem, to approach one; obstare alicui, to withstand one. 



*]6 Latin Method. 

Examples. 

i. African o 1 industria virtutem, virtus gloriam, gloria 
aemulos comparavit. 

2. Tres jam copiarum partes Helvetii flumen traduxerant. 

3. Saepe suas Liber 2 miratus est uvas. 

4. Rastros non patietur humus. 

5. Paulatim Germani Rhenum transire consueverant. 

6. Posthac vitam 3 tutiorem vivemus. 

7. Joca tua plena facetiarum risimus satis. 

8. Iram demetitur Deus suam ; clementiam profundit. 

9. Suas quisque miserias dolet. 4 

10. Nee te, juvenis memorande, silebo. 
1 Dative. 2 a name of Bacchus. 3 Cognate accus. (§ 52, 1. b). 

Write in Latin. 

i. A sudden tempest had delayed the ships. 

2. A soft answer subdues 1 wrath. 

3. Appius Claudius, the censor, brought 2 the Appian 
water into the city, and laid 3 the Appian Way. 

4. Hannibal had already crossed the Alps. 

5. Caesar led his forces across the Rhine. 

6. They afterwards lived a safer life. 

7. Poverty teaches all the arts. 

8. My son. complains 1 [of] his fortune. 

9. We shall go once [on] the last journey. 

10. All men laugh-at folly : all men grieve-at misery. 
1 frango. 2 indue 0. 3 sterno. * queror* 

2. Two Accusatives. 

§ 52, 2. with a and c (appositive and secondary 
object: R. 25) ; also b and d (compounds, and verbs 
of hiding). 

Examples. 

i. Te tua fata docebo. 

2. Deos deasque omnes pacem oramus. 

3. Quid me ista rogas ? Stoicos roga. 

4. Iter omnes celabo. 



Constructions of Syntax. 77 

5. Nonnulli utilia solum pueros docent, honesta negligunt. 

6. Tu modo posce deos veniam. 

7. Juvenes avum Numitorem regem salutabant 

8. Consul primus rogatus est sententiam. 

9. Illud puer saepe admonitus erat. 

10. Nos hoc diu celamur. 

11. Helve tii pacem a Caesare petierunt. 

Write in Latin. 

i. I will teach you your destiny. 

2. We beseech 2 peace [of] all the gods and goddesses. 

3. I did not hide from you [my] friend's opinion. 

4. Why do you ask me that ? Ask your father. 

5. The consul Nero 1 skilfully concealed his march [from] 
Hannibal. 

6. The senate saluted Cicero [as] father of [his] country. 

7. Lucius Junius Brutus was called the liberator of Rome. 

8. The people elected Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius 
Tarquinius Collatinus [as] first consuls. 

9. An old herdsman in vain begged 2 [his] liberty [of] 
Vespasian. 

1 Put the name before the title. 2 oro. 



3. Dative of Indirect Object. 

§ 51, 1. and 2. with a and d (R. 14, 16) ; also c, e, 
f reading carefully the classes of verbs in a and b. 

a. These classes of verbs will be learned gradually, in the 
course of practice. Some of those in a (as to favor, envy, serve, 
&c ) seem to be transitive. In fact, however, the Latin retains a 
primary meaning which is lost in English : as, invidere (to envy) 
is to look [askance] at one; servire is to be a slave; suadere is 
to make [a thing] pleasant to any one (compare suavis, sweet). 
See Remark 1 (page 123), and the second paragraph of the Note 
on page 121. 

b. The verbs in 2. c are to be compared with those of Giving, 
&c, in 1 : though different in kind as seen from the English point 
of view, their construction in Latin is the same : thus in the sen- 



78 Latin Method. 

tence invidet mihi divitias, he envies me for my riches, divitiSs 
is the direct and mihi the indirect object of invideo, though the 
opposite is the case in English. 

Examples- 

i. Nil pictis timidus navita puppibus fidit. 

2. Homines amplius oculis quam auribus credunt. 

3. Nonnulli levissimam delectationem gravissimae utilitati 
anteponunt. 

4. Dii immortales hoc tibi delictum ignoscent. 

5. Servi dominis suis maledixerunt. 

6. Milites integri et recentes fessis succurrunt. 

7. Innocentiae nostrae, judices, subvenite. 

8. A bono filio matri semper parebitur. 

9. A victore milite templis deorum parcendum est. 

10. Uterque consul legioni illi indulserat. 

11. Invidetur praestanti florentique fortunae. 

12. Mihi numquam persuaderi potuit, animos esse mortales. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The ant gets itself food in summer-time. 

2. The sun shall give thee signs. 

3. You pardon yourself ; others you pardon not. 

4. Men believe their eyes more than their ears. 

5. Patience heals 1 any 2 pain. 

6. He told me every thing. 

7. I mercifully spared the wretched man. 

8. A faithful soldier serves the state. 

9. The soldiers spared 3 the temples of the gods. 

10. Our men pressed-hard 4 the flying Gauls. 

{Passive.) 

11. Your glory is envied. 5 

12. Liars are not believed. 

13. The temples of the gods were spared. 

14. That age is not envied, but even favored. 

15. The authority of the senate will be obeyed. 

16. Clodius was distrusted by all good citizens. 

1 medeor. 2 quivis. 3 tempero. 4 insto. 

5 See Examples 10 and 19, on page 62. 



Constructions of Syntax. 79 

4. Genitive as Object. 

§ 50, 4. a, b, c (verbs of memory ^ feeling > &c), 
observing the peculiar genitives of b, and the con- 
struction of the Impersonals in c 2 and d; also e (egeo). 

Examples. 

i. Senex veterum meminit dolorum. 

2. Hunc puerum ignaviae suae neque pudet neque taedet. 

3. Taedet me quotidianarum harum molestiarum. 

4. At vos, Arcadii, caeci miserescite regis. 

5. Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupidinis 
suae. 

6. Suae quemque fortunae paenitet. 
7.* Arguitur Verres repetundarum. 

8. Conjurati omnes capitis damnati sunt. 

9. Reminiscere, inquit, pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Cato admonished the judges of the laws and of [their] 
oath: 1 

2. We have-no-need 2 of your help. 

3. I shall always remember this day and place. 

4. The man is neither ashamed nor sorry for his cowardice. 

5. The Athenians charged Socrates with impiety. 

6. Forget slaughter and conflagration. 

7. I lack not gold or silver. 

8. You have charged me in-my-absence 3 with a capital 
offence. 5 

9. Brutus condemned to death 4 his two sons. 

1 religio. 2 nihil indigere. 3 absens. * § 50, 4. b, 

5 res capitalist 

5. Ablative as Object. 

§ 54, 6. d (ablative with utor, &c. : R. 31). 

Observe that these are in reality ablatives of means, and that 
they may generally be represented in English by a phrase with a 
preposition : as, vescitur carne, he eats (feeds on) flesh ; amicitia 
mea abutuntur, they abuse {take advantage of) my friendship. 



80 Latin Method. 

Examples. 

i. Impedimentis castrisque Romani potiti sunt. 

2. Aliquando oculi suo munere non funguntur. 

3. Omnibus in vita commodis una cum amicis fruimur. 

4. Frater meus omnibus vitae officiis fungitur. 

5. Divitiis, nobilitate, viribus male utimini. 

6. Britanni aere pro nummo utebantur. 

7. Dii nee escis nee potionibus vescuntur. 

8. Lacte,caseo,carne vescor, scribit Anacharsis Scythes. 

9. Quo usque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra ? 

"Write in Latin. 

i. The ancient Germans fed 1 chiefly on milk and meat. 

2. The Macedonian 7 phalanx employed 2 very-long 3 spears. 

3. We deem 4 Cicero worthy 4 of the highest praise of elo- 
quence. 

4. A brave man bravely performs his duty. 

5. A base man takes-advantage-of 5 the ignorance or folly 
of-others. 

6. We enjoy the gifts of the earth, which therefore we call 
fruits and crops. 

7. The soldiers of-the-legion 6 used a shield, a javelin, and 
a short sword. 

1 vescor. 2 utor. 3 praelongus. 4 dignor. 1 5 abutor. 6 legionarius. 

7 Macedonicus. 

B. — Uses of Cases : 2. As Modifying Adjectives. 

Note. — Some of the following are also to be classed among 
the adverbial uses of cases ; but they are distinguished by being 
used to complete the meaning of the adjective on which they depend. 

6. Genitive with Adjectives. 
§ 50, 3. b, c, d (relative adjectives, genitive of spe- 
cification, adjectives of likeness, &c). 

Compare the lists of adjectives in § 50, 3. d with that in 
§ 51, 6. c. These adjectives, when followed by the genitive, have 
in fact become nouns (compare § 47, 3) : as, cognatus Ciceronis, 
Cicero's kinsman; Ciceroni cognatus, kindred with Cicero. 
[Compare such phrases as meus aequalis, my co?itemporary \\ 



Constructions of Syntax* 81 

Examples. 

i. Galli sunt barbari, et nostrae consuetudinis imperiti. 

2. Mens hominum nescia fati est, sortisque futurae. 

3. Misi homines earum regionum peritissimos. 

4. Habetis ducem memorem vestri oblitum sui. 

5. Cassandrae inerat mens provida rerum futurarum. 

6. Homini erat mens ferox, impotens irae. 

7. Corpus patiens erat mediae, vigiliae/algoris. 

8. Nostra vita insidiarum est et metus plena. 

9. Nulla aetas virtutis feracior erat. 

10. Orbus auxilii opumque ad te confugio. 

Write in Latin. 

i. This man is eager 1 for glory and greedy 2 of praise. 

2. Most boys are careless 3 about antiquities. 

3. Catiline was able-to-endure 4 fasting, watching, cold. 

4. Gaul is full of Roman citizens. 

5. Night alone was conscious of this deed. 5 

6. This boy is very like his father. 

7. The consul was full of plans, sparing 6 in words. 

8. The river Rhine is common to Gaul and Germany. 

9. Achilles, bravest of the Greeks, was ungovernable 7 in 

wrath. 

1 cupidus. 2 avidus. 3 negligens. * patiens. 5 /acinus. 

e parens. 7 impotens. 

7. Dative of Nearness, &c. 

§ 51, 6. (words of likeness, nearness, fitness, service 
or help: R. 15), with a, b (use of prepositions), and d 
{profior, &c). 

Examples. 

1. Amara sunt vitiosis, ac male viventibus, praecepta 
justitiae. 

2. Auctumnus gravis est urbi agrisque. 

3. Tyrannis aliena virtus semper formidolosa est. 

4. Rex infidis consiliis semper est obnoxius. 

5. Ista oratio dignitati tuae alienissima est. 

6 



82 Latin Method. 

6. Mantua, vae, miserae nimium vicina Cremonae. 

7. Unicuique virtutum finitimum vitium est. 

8. Ceteri filii superstites patri erant. 

9. Is dolor communis erat tribus fratribus. 

10. Haec virtus fructuosa vobis, mihi periculosa est. 

11. Patres filiis suis nonnunquam sunt iniqui. 

12. Rara avis in terris, nigroque simillima cygno. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Death is like a sleep. 

2. To a frail ship all winds are contrary. 

3. The death of Socrates was harmonious 1 with his life. 

4. I have noticed a harbor fit 2 for our ships. 

5. Livius was of-the-same-age 3 with Ennius. 

6. Not even the gods — so they boast — are a-match-for 4 
the Swabians. 5 

7. Radishes 6 are bad 7 for the teeth, says Pliny. 9 

8. This thing is easy for me, [but] hard for you. 

9. Simple food is good 8 for children. 

10. The speech of Marius was very pleasing to the people. 

1 consentaneus. 2 idonens. 3 aequalis. 4 par, 5 Suevi. 

6 rapkanus, z, m. 7 inimicus. 8 utilis* 

9 ait Plinius. 

8. Ablative of Want. 

§ 54, 1. c, d (adjectives of freedom arid want, with 
opus and usus: R. 28). 

Examples. 

i. Urbs nuda praesidio poscit opem. 

2. Animus per somnum sensibus et curis vacuus est. 

3. Nos plerique patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortunis 
expertes sumus. 

4. Auctoritate tua mihi opus est. 

5. Etiam sapienti amicis opus est. 

6. Priusquam incipias consulto, et ubi consulueris mature 
facto opus est. 

7. Exempla nobis opus sunt. 



Constructions of^ Syntax. 83 

Write in Latin. 

i. What Roman is free from this dishonor 1 ? 

2. The army was in lack 2 of all necessaries. 

3. The common-people were-in-terror [when] deprived of 
tribunes. 

4. Cato, said his friends, was clear 3 of every human fault. 

5. This counsel is foreign to 4 the dignity of the empire. 

6. The senate was bereft 5 of counsel and authority. 

7. I have need 6 of your help. 

1 dedecus. 2 egens. 3 vacuus, 4 alienus a. 5 orbus. 6 opus. 

9. Ablative of Source. 
§ 54, 2. a (participles of birth and origin : R. 29). 

Examples. 

i. Ti. Gracchus, matre nobilissima genitus. 

2. Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgit? 

3. Natus erat pulcra origine Caesar. 

4. Consul loco obscuro tenuique fortuna ortus. 

5. Non sanguine humano sed stirpe divina satus es. 

Write in Latin. 

i. ^Eneas was son 1 of Anchises and Venus. 

2. Thou art sprung 2 not from human blood, but from 
divine stock. 

3. The youth was born of a most noble mother. 

4. The consul Marius was sprung from an obscure place 
and slender fortune. 

1 natus. 2 ortus. 

10. Ablative of Co7wparison. 

§54,5 (ablative after comparatives: R. 32), with 
a> c (use of quam, construction of plus , etc.). 

Examples. 

1. Honesta mors turpi vita potior est. 

2. Quaedam remedia ipsis periculis sunt graviora. 

3. Nihil inter homines rarius perfecto oratore inventum est. 



84 Latin Method. 

4. Humana omnia inferiora virtute ducimus. 

5. Non ego hac nocte longiorem vidi. 

6. Punico bello secundo nullum neque majus neque peri- 
culosius Romani gessere. 

7. Saepe dixi Graecam linguam locupletiorem esse quam 
Latinam. 

8. Hujus orationes exiliores sunt et*redolentes magis anti- 
quitatem quam aut Laelii aut Scipionis. 

9. Hispanorum non plus quam quattuor milium effugerunt. 

10. Plus septingenti aut in proelio aut in castris capti sunt. 

11. Spatium est non amplius pedum DC. 

12. Apes nunquam plus unum regem patiuntur. 

13. Amplius sunt sex menses (it is more than, 6°^.). 

14. Bella fortius quam felicius gerebat. 

15. Consilium magis honestum quam utile. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The earth is larger than the moon, the sun than the 
earth. 

2. Ignorance of future evils is better than knowledge. 

3. From 1 the tongue of the old Nestor, says 2 Homer, 
flowed speech sweeter than honey. 

4. A base escape from death 3 is worse than any 4 death. 

5. All riches we hold inferior to wisdom. 

6. These things are harder than-one-would-think. 5 

7. In this march the Romans suffered more than usual 6 
from hunger and cold. 

8. You have rendered 7 no man more kindnesses than to me. 

9. This thing has in it more joy than grief. 

10. In the battle at- Cannae the Romans lost more than 
40,000 men. 

11. The speech of the consul was more true than pleasing 8 
to the people. 

12. A pestilence more threatening than destructive 9 fell 10 
upon the city. 

13. There is nothing stupider 11 than a stupid laugh. 

1 ex. 2 ait. 3 Genitive. 4 omnis. 5 opiiiio. 6 solitum. 1 tribno. 
8 Comparative (§ 47,7). 9 perniciosus. 10 iiicido. ll ineptus. 



Constructions of Syntax. 85 

1 1 . Ablative of Means and Stiffly. 

§ 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, and instrument: 
R. 30), with c (words of filling, &c). 

a. All the words under § 54, 6. a are either participles, like abun- 
dans, completus ; or were originally participles, as plenus. When 
used as pure adjectives, they take the genitive under § 50, 3. b. 

b. The ablatives under Rule 30 (§ 75) are of various origin, and 
must be translated according to the English idiom: as, dignus, 
worthy of; praeditus, gifted with, &c. (compare § 54, 3. aj 10. a). 

Examples. 

i. Verris domus plena erat raptis ornamentis. 

2. Exercitum Ti. Sempronius domum reportavit plenissi- 
mum praeda. 

3. Erant plena laetitia et gratulatione omnia. 

4. Alveus Tiberis completus erat ruderibus. 

5. Pater ille tuus florebat omni genere virtutis. 

6. Sum pecore et multa dives tellure. 

7. Macte virtute diligentiaque esto. 

8. Boni homines metuunt vitam plenam et confertam 
voluptatibus. 

Write in Hatin. 

i. Twelve ships were laden 1 with the spoil. 

2. The house of Croesus was full of treasures. 2 

3. The city was full of grief and lamentation. 3 

4. Sulla advanced with his army into a region abounding 4 
in all good things. 

5. Corinth was the richest city of Greece in pictures, 5 
statues, 6 and gold. 

1 07iiistns. 2 divitiae. 3 luctus. 4 abundans. 5 tabida. 6 signwn. 

12. Ablative of Difference. 

§ 54, 6. e, with Remark (degree of difference). 

Notice that § 54, 5 (ablative of comparison) and 6. e (ablative 
of difference), expressing different relations, may be used together 
with the same adjective : as, multo divitior Crassd, much richer 
than Crassus. 



86 Latin Method. 

Examples. 

i. Quo occultius est periculum, hoc difficilius vitatur. 

2. Recte non credis de numero militum : ipso dimidio 1 
plus scripsit Clodia. 

3. Hibernia dimidio minor est, ut aestimatur, quam Bri- 
tannia. 

4. Iter alterum per provinciam nostram, multo facilius 
atque expeditius. 

5. Quanto diutius abest, magis cupio tan to. 

6. Galli segnius sequebantur, quanto longius ab domo 
trahebantur. 

7. Romani duobus milibus plures erant quam Sabini. 

8. Decern post diebus pugnatum est. 

9. Catilina paucis ante diebus eruperat ex urbe. 

10. Sol multis partibus major atque amplior est, quam 

terra universa. 

1 full half. 

"Write in Latin. 

i. Cicero was six years older than Caesar. 

2. The empire of Rome was much more powerful and 
lasting than [that] of Athens. 

3. The more cautiously you go, the sooner^you will arrive. 

4. The greater severity he showed, 1 the more numerous 2 
were the mobs. 

5. Veii was 3 about twenty miles distant 3 from Rome. 

6. The battle of Cannae 4 was fought seventeen years 
before 5 [that] of-Zama. 6 

1 utor. 2 creber. 3 absum. 4 Cannensis. 5 Insert quam. 

6 Zamensis. 7 citius. 

C. — Uses of Cases : Miscellaneous. 

13. Adverbial Accusative. 

§ 52, 3. with a, 6, c (use with intransitive verbs, 

adverbial phrases, Greek accusative: R. 24). 

Note. — The accusatives under a are usually translated as 
adverbs (see examples). Those under c are mostly poetical, and 
should be avoided in writing Latin prose. 



Constructions of Syntax. 87 

Examples. 

i. Suevi maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt. 

2. Tuam vicem magnopere gaudeo. 

3. Nostram vicem indignaris. 

4. Vir erat cetera egregius. 

5. Id temporis eos venturos esse dixeram. 

6. Cum esset illud aetatis, imperator factus est. 

7. Dexterum genu lapide ictus est. 

8. Os humerosque deo similis. 

9. Feminae Germanorum nudae erant brachia et lacertos. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The Suevi live for-the-greatest-part 1 on milk and mjeat. 

2. I am often sorry on your account. 2 

3. At that time Romulus was king. 

4. A man at that age ought to be more discreet 3 than 
daring. 4 

5. Hannibal was severely wounded right in the thigh 5 with 
a dart. 6 

6. They bind their [own] heads with wreaths of -myrtle. 

7. The commander exhorted his [men] at-length. 7 

8. The maidens put on a long robe. 

1 plurimum. 2 vicis. 3 prudens. * audax (comparative). 

5 adversum femur. 6 tragula. 7 multa. 

14. Accusative of Exclamation. 
§ 52, 4. a. 

Examples. 

1. Heu dementiam hominum ! 

2. Beatos quondam duces Romanos ! 

3. In balneis delituerunt : testes egregios ! 

4. Huncine 1 hominem ! hancine impudentiam, judices ! 
hanc audaciam ! 

5. O fallacem hominum spem, fragilemque fortunam, et 
inanes nostras contentiones ! 

Write in Latin. 

i. O the folly 2 of man, and [his] uncertain fortune, and 
our idle 8 hopes ! 

1 See § 20, 1. Note. 2 dementia. 3 inanis. 



88 Latin Method. 

2. A famous 3 [set of] doctors ! 

3. Ah ! 4 the faith of gods and men ! 

4. What a man ! what impudence ! what audacity ! 

5. Happy the Roman chiefs of -old. 6 

6. Ah ! 6 unhappy me ! 

3 nobilis. 4 pro. 5 quondam. 6 heu. 



15. Dative of Possession, &c. 

§ 51, 3. with a, b (compounds of esse; nomen est: 
R. 17). 

Examples. 

i. Est et fideli tuta silentio merces. 

2. En Priamus ! sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi. 

3. Addam cerea pruna : et honos erit huic quoque porno. 

4. Di, quibus imperium est animorum ! 

5. Est mihi namque domi pater, est injusta noverca. 

6. Sunt nobis mitia poma, 
Castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis. 

7. Homini cum deo similitudo est. 

8. Puero ab inopia Egerio inditum nomen. 

9. Hoc mihi volenti est. 

10. Sp. Tarpeius Romanae praeerat arci. 

11. Nihil tibi meae litterae proderunt. 

12. Multis proeliis miles ille interfuit. 

13. Druides rebus divinis intersunt. 

14. Huic homini virile ingenium inerat. 

15. Origini Romanae et dii adfuere et non defuit virtus. 

c 

Write in Latiu. 

i. We have and shall have the same laws. 

2. A sick man always has hope. 

3. I had a dispute with your friend. 

4. The surname of Lucius Scipio was Asiaticus ; of Pub- 
lius his brother, Africanus. 

5. A brave soldier will-be-at-hand 1 in all dangers. 

1 adsum. 



Constructions of Syntax. 89 

6. The name of this disease is avarice. 

7. In this man was a manly soul. 2 

8. My letter will do 3 you no good. 3 

9. We used to give him the nickname 4 of sluggard. 
10. Caesar had been-present-at 5 many battles. 

2 ingenium* 3 prosum. 4 cognomen. 6 intersum. 



16. Dative of Service. 
§ 51, 5 (purpose or end : R. 20) . 

The Dative (of service) under § 51, 5. may sometimes be trans- 
lated as predicate no?ninative ; but more commonly with the pre- 
position OF. 

Examples. 

i. Mihi ea res curae erit. 

2. Magno malo est hominibus avaritia. 

3. Is fuit et mihi et liberis meis magno usui. 

4. Sic et vobis honori, et amicis utilitati eritis. 

5. Ea res magno tibi erit impedimento. 

6. Ea gens mihi semper odio erit. 

7. Tua amicitia maximo mihi erat detrimento. 

8. Testimonio hujus rei sunt clarissimi poetae. 

9. Nos diis immortalibus curae sumus. 

10. Consul Hannibali ludibrio erat. 

11. Plerumque Gallis brevitas nostra contemptui est. 

12. Veteribus Romanis divitiae oneri miseriaeque fuere. 

Write in Latin. 

i. This book was of great service 1 to me. 

2. Caesar left two legions as a guard 2 to the camp. 

3. That thing will be a great hindrance 3 to you. 

4. We are the care of the immortal gods. 

5. We regard this as a fault in Cicero. 

6. For whose advantage 4 is this ? 

7. The Germans came to our relief. 5 

1 usus. 2 praesidiwn. 3 impedimentam. * bonum. 

6 auxilium. 



90 Latin Method* 

17. Dative of Reference. 
§ 51, 7 (dativus commodi et incommodi) . 

The Dative (of reference) in § 51, 7. merely expresses a more 
remote relation than those under 2 (indirect object) : compare the 
first examples under each. 

Examples. 

i. Quis huic rei testis est ? 

2. Domus pulcra dominis aediflcatur, non muribus. 

3. E bestiarum corporibus multa remedia morbis et vul- 
neribus eligimus. 

4. Non mihi ex cujusquam amplitudine aut praesidia 
periculis aut adjumenta honoribus quaero. 

5. Duo milites nequaquam visu ac specie aestimantibus 
pares. 

6. Sita Ortygia est in dextra parte portum magnum Syra- 
cusarum intrantibus. 

7. Hie mihi quisquam misericordiam nominat ? 

8. Quid sibi vult haec oratio ? 

9. Ova alia sunt Candida, ut columbis, perdicibus ; alia 
pallida, ut aquaticis ; alia punctis distincta, ut meleagridum ; 
alia rubri coloris, ut phasianis. 

"Write in I^atin. 

i. I seek for myself no defence against danger 1 or helps 
to honors. 1 

2. The Germans chose them 2 a place for an abode. 

3. A good man seeks wealth not for himself only, but for 
his children and friends. 

4. The calamity of the Sicilians came-before 8 my eyes. 

5. [Is it] for Hannibal [that] you have saved this city ? 

6. Such 4 lamentation 6 stirs the temper of the fiery 6 youth. 

7. The wood strews 7 you wild 8 leaves 9 and acorns. 

8. We cull 10 many remedies for sickness and wounds. 

9. Anticyra is situated 11 on the left as you enter the 
Corinthian gulf. 

1 Dative. 2 sibi. 3 obversorl 4 tantus. 5 comploratio. 

6 ferox. 7 spar go. 8 agrestis. 9 frons. 10 eligo. n situs. 



Constructions of Syntax. 91 

18. Ablative of Separation. 

§ 54, 1. (verbs meaning remove, deprive, &c), with 
a (compounds), and e (egeo, indigeo^ with genitive). 
For the translation, see examples. 

Examples. 

i. L. Brutus civitatem dominatu regio liberavit. 

2. Usu urbis prohibere peregrinos sane inhumanum est. 

3. Apud veteres Germanos quemcumque mortalium arcere 
tecto 1 nefas habebatur. 

4. Cedo vobis possessione hortorum. 

5. Ea philosophia spoliat nos judicio, privat approba- 
tione. 

6. Ne ab obsidibus quidem iram belli hostis abstinuit. 

7. Ego te culpa absolvo, supplicio non libero. 

8. Ciceroni aqua atque igni interdicitur. 

9. Caesaris oratio Helvetios ea spe dejecit. 

10. Ilia lex tyrannos reditu semper arcebit. 

11. Adventus peditatus equites metu levaverat. 

12. Desine, quaeso, istis laudationibus. 

1 i.e. to turn any stranger from the door. 
"Write in Latin. 

i. The Helvetii, cast down from that hope, desisted from 
their attempt. 

2. I am quite free from fever, and feel finely. 1 

3. The engines 3 presently stripped 2 the wall of its de- 
fenders. 

4. Caecilius had cheated 4 Varius of a large sum-of-money. 

5. The barbarians, having caught-sight-of 5 the standards 
afar-off, 6 desist from the attack. 

6. Caesar departed from 7 Italy, and led his army into 
Gaul. 

7. Sulla laid-down 8 the dictatorship. 9 

8. The engines drove the enemy from the walls. 10 

1 belle se habere. 2 mtdo. 1 3 tormenta (plur.). 4 fraudo\ 

5 conspicor. x 6 procul. 7 ex. 8 se abdicare. 9 dictatura. 



92 Latin Method. 

19. Ablative of Cause. 

§ 54, 3. with a 9 6, c (certain verbs and adjectives; 
ob or -propter ; causa, gratia). 

Examples. 

i. Ser. Tullius regnare coepit non jussu sed voluntate 
atque concessu civium. 

2. Quidam morbo aliquo et sensus stupore suavitatem cibi 
non sentiunt. 

3. Quod benevolentia fit, id odio factum 1 criminaris. 

4. Multi homines officia deserunt mollitia animi. 

5. Quam multi luce indigni sunt, et tamen dies oritur ! 

6. Amplissimis honoribus dignus erat adulescens Scipio. 

7. Ignavia ac stultitia saepe fit 2 ut res maximae dilaban- 
tur. 

8. Haud equidem tali me dignor honore. 

9. Non te Romanus populus illo magistratu dignatus est. 

1 as being done, 2 happens. 

"Write in Latin. 

i. Tarquin, relying 1 on [his] victories, was-wanton in 
insolence. 

2. For the sake of the republic, I accuse Lucius Catiline. 

3. He wept at the grief 2 of his friends. 

4. The Roman people held 3 the young Scipio worthy 3 
of the highest honors. 

5. I judge 4 him most unworthy of every honor. 

6. Do this for my sake. 

7. Ducks delight 5 chiefly in marshy 6 places. 

1 subnixus. 2 dolor* 8 dignor. 1 4 aestimo. 1 5 delectorX 

6 paluster. 



20. Ablative of Means. 

§ 54, 6. (accompaniment, means, instrument), with 
a, b 9 (use of cum). 



Constructions of Syntax. 93 

Examples. 

i. Venatio et 1 cibi genere et quotidiana exercitatione et 
libertate vitae vires alit. 

2. Non viribus aut celeritate corporum res maximae ge- 
runtur. 

3. Dei providentia mundus administrator. 

4. Summis suppliciis fures afficiuntor. 

5. Caelum hominibus virtute recluditur. 

6. Pax ornata venit ramo felicis olivae. 

7. Galli huic terrae igni ferroque minitantur. 

8. Luctantes ventos vasto rex Aeolus antro 
Imperio premit, ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 

9. Frondibus et stipula tauri pascuntur, et herba. 

10. Armis munimenta, non munimentis arma, tuta esse 
debent. 

ii. Nutritur vento, vento restinguitur ignis 3 

Lenis alit flammas, grandior aura necat 
1 both. 
Write in Latin. 

i. We accomplish more by wisdom than by force. 

2. Rome fell by her own strength. 

3. Bulls defend themselves with [their] horns, boars with 
[their] tusks. 

4. The priest's head was covered with a long mantle. 

5. Great things are-done 1 not by strength or speed of 
body, but by counsel and valor. 

6. Links of-steel 2 are worn-out 3 by constant use. 

l gero? 2 ferreus. 3 contero? 

21. Ablative of Manner and Quality. 

§ 54, 7. with <z, b (description ; manner with cu?n) ; 
compare § 50, 1. g (genitive of quality). 

Examples. 

1. Vir acerrimo ingenio civitatem turn regebat. 

2. Campi suapte natura humentes inutiles sunt. 



94 Latin Method. 

3. Regina ad templum forma pulcherrima Dido incessit. 

4. Sabini brachio laevo gemmatos magna specie anulos 
gerebant. 

5. Erat inter Labienum atque hostem difficili transitu 
flumen ripisque praeruptis. 

6. Duo viri egregia virtute consulatum eo anno petebant. 

7. Haec res immani corporum magnitudine homines efficit. 

8. Galli eadem celeritate ad nostra castra contenderunt. 

9. Horridiores sunt Britanni in pugna adspectu ; capillo- 
que sunt promisso, atque omni parte corporis rasa praeter 
caput et labrum superius. 

10. Agesilaus et statura fuit humili, et corpore exiguo, et 
claudus altero pede. 

Write in Latin. 

i* The barbarians were of vast size 1 of body (plur.). 

2. Three Graces, of exquisite 2 beauty, wait-on 3 Venus. 

3. A mountain of great height overhangs 4 the town. 

4. Caesar was a man of extraordinary force 5 of intellect, 6 
and of remarkable skill 7 in-war. 8 

5. A giant of monstrous stature, whose 7 name was Poly- 
phemus, devoured 8 the companions of Ulysses. 

1 magnitudo. 2 eximius. 3 comitor. 1 4 impendeo? 5 vis. 

6 ingenium. 7 scientia. 8 ret bellicae. 9 Dative. 10 devoro. 1 

22. Ablative of Price. 

§ 54, 8. with a (genitive of indefinite value : R. n ; 
compare § 50, I. i ). 

Examples. 

i. Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit. 

2. Eriphyle auro viri sui vitam vendidit. 

3. Hunc fundum maxima pecunia mercatus sum. 

4. Duobus milibus nummum hunc equum emi. 

5. Ea Poenis victoria multo sanguine stetit. 

6. Tritici modius duobus sestertiis veniit. 

7. Domum meam ternis sestertiis locavi. 

8. Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omnium sermo. 



Constructions of Syntax. 95 

"Write in Latin. 

i. I have sold my house for fifteen talents. 

2. Virtue is not salable 1 for gold or gems. 5 

3. That oration cost 2 him a-great-deal-of labor. 

4. Mean men are bribed 3 with money; the ambitious 4 
with honors and vain glory. 

1 venalis. 2 sto. 1 8 corrumJ)o. z * ambitiosus. 

5 gemma. 



23. Ablative of Specification. 

§ 54, 9. (that in respect to which; in accordance 
with which). 

Examples. 

i. Specie urbs libera est, non re vera. 

2. Ex omnibus filiis natu minimus Marcus erat. 

3. Scelere par es Marco, industria inferior. 

4. Iste servus aeger est pedibus. 

5. Altero oculo captus erat Hannibal. 

6. Tota mente et omnibus artubus contremuit. 

7. Omnes Galli lingua institutis legibus inter se differunt. 

8. Belgae omnibus Gallis virtute praestant. 

9. Latini Trojanis studio ac fide erga regem cessere. 
10. Non tu quidem tota re sed temporibus erras. 

Write in Latin. 

i. In glory Cicero was far inferior to Caesar, 1 but superior 
in eloquence and wisdom. 

2. In laws and language the Greeks widely 2 differ from 
the Romans, but in warlike 3 glory they are nearly equal. 

3. My brother is lame of the left 4 foot. 

4. The Spartans excelled 5 all the other Greeks 6 in fidelity 
and reverence to the laws. 7 

5. The Germans were a race of tall 8 stature, fair complex- 
ion, blue eyes, courage in war, 7 and great bodily 9 strength. 

1 Ablative. 2 multum. 3 rei bellicat (gen. ). * laevus. 

5 antecello* 6 Dative. 7 Genitive. 8 grandis. 

9 corporis (gen.). 



96 Latin Method. 

24. Locative Ablative. 

§ 54, 10. (idiomatic expressions), with a (list of 
verbs and verbals under this use). 

Examples. 

i. Castra opportunis locis posita erant. 

2. Terra marique res maximae gestae sunt. 

3. Meliore loco res nostrae sunt. 

4. Parentis loco habebatur patris amicus. 

5. Reliquis oppidi partibus acriter pugnatum est. 

6. De amicitia alio libro dictum est. 

7. Vehementer animo angebar. 

8. Silvisque agrisque viisque corpora foeda jacent. 

9. Urbe tota gemitus fit. 

10. Caesar nuntios tota civitate Aeduorum dimittit. 

11. Menippus tota Asia illis temporibus disertissimus 
erat. 

12. Adventu Caesaris in Galliam, Helvetii bellum para- 
bant. 

13. Bello Punico secundo, tota Italia Hannibal paene 
potiebatur. 

14. Extrema pueritia, Caesar Cinnae filiam in matrimo- 
nium duxit. 

Write in Latin. 

i. At the death of Caesar grief and terror prevailed 1 
throughout the city. 

2. The Romans carried-on 2 war by land and sea. 

3. At this news I was glad at heart. 

4. I regard 8 my father's brother in the light 4 of a parent. 

5. Caesar pitched 5 his camp on favorable ground. 4 

6. Your affairs are in excellent case. 4 

7. This subject 6 is discussed 7 in the third book. 

1 exsisto? 2 gero? 3 habeo! 1 4 locus. 5 pono? 

6 de hac re. 7 dissero* (impers.). 



Constructions of Syntax. 97 

25. Predicate Genitive. 

§ 50, 1. c, d (for predicate appositive ; use of phrase 
or clause) , with Remark (sapientis, &c). 

Examples. 

i. Omnia quae mulieris fuerant matrimonio viri fiebant. 

2. Ego totus Pompeii sum. 

3. Hie versus Plauti non est. 

4. Thebae populi Romani belli jure factae sunt. 

5. Non gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. 

6. Albani dicionis alienae facti sunt. 

7. Hoc non est judicii mei. 

8. Marcellus id nee juris nee potestatis suae esse dixit. 

9. Boni imperatoris est hostium consilia antecapere. 

10. Ut Athenae et Lacedaemon Atheniensium Lacedae- 
moniorumque causa conditae sunt, omniaque quae sunt in 
his urbibus eorum populorum recte esse dicuntur, sic quae- 
cumque sunt in omni mundo deorum atque hominum putanda 
sunt. 

Write in Latin. 

i. All the property 1 of the father became the son's by 
inheritance. 2 

2. That oration is not Cicero's. 

3. After the battle of Cannae, Capua became [the pos- 
session] of the Carthaginians. 

4. The kingdom was [the share] of Numitor ; the wealth, 8 
of Amulius. 

5. That is not [an affair] for your decision. 4 

6. Desire 5 belongs more to the young 6 than to the old. 

1 bona (plur.). 2 hereditas. 3 pecunia. * judicium. 

6 libido. 6 adulescens. 



26. Relations of Time and Space. 

§ 55, 1. with b (relations of time); 3. with a, b, c, d 
(relations of place, with locative forms) and/ (locative 
use of ablative). 

7 



98 Latin Method. 

Compare the Note, § 55, 3. (relations of Place) with § 42, 1. (on 
prepositions) and the note on p. 113 (on the use of Cases). 

Examples. 

i. Proxima nocte Caesar castra movit. 

2. Tota aestate vos exspectamus. 

3. Quadraginta annis Alba stetit. 

4. Frater meus decimo aetatis anno Roma abiit. 

5. Vere diffugiunt nives. 

6. Primo silentio noctis Tiburtes Romam venerunt. 

7. Tertia vigilia Caesar castris excessit. 

8. Heroicis aetatibus non multi florebant philosophi. 

9. Per decern dies Latini ludos fecerunt. 

10. Sum totos dies cum Marco, noctisque saepenumero 
partem. 

11. Hanc urbem decern aestates continuas circumsedimus. 

12. Triduo servus miserrime peribit. 

13. Paucis diebus ad te vemam. 

14. Altero et tricesimo anno aetatis suae Galba mortuus est. 

15. Gaia testamentum fecit, atque his paucis diebus obiit. 

16. Ab Africa ad Siciliam Aeneas navigavit. 

17. Consul legiones per Italiam in Galliam duxit. 

18. Ex Hispania per Galliam in Italiam exercitum duxit 
Hannibal. 

19. Servos Romae, Tarenti, Athenis, Veiis, Karthagini, 
Sardibus alui. 

20. Numa Curibus habitabat ; sed postea Romae quadra- 
ginta annos regnavit. 

21. Delo Rhodum pater meus navigavit. 

22. Milites Albae constitere, in oppido munito. 

23 . Archias Antiochiae vixit, celeberrima quondam urbe. 

24. Nunc domi sum : eras rus ibo. 

25. Frater meus mox rure domum redibit. 

26. M. Regulus Karthagine Romam de pace missus est. 

27. Multa corpora fessorum vulneratorumque humi jacebant. 

28. Maximam domi militiaeque gloriam Cn. Pompeius adu- 
lescens erat adsecutus. 

29. Is dies erat ante diem sextum (a. d. vi.) Kalendas 
Martias (see § 56, 1. /). 



Constructions of Syntax. 99 

Write in Latin. 

i. In winter and summer the Arabs roam-over 1 the plains. 

2. At the beginning of summer the consul passed 2 into 
Spain. 

3. Agamemnon scarcely in ten years took one city. 

4. Within three days I will finish 3 the work. 

5. Caesar moves [his] camp, and in about fifteen days 
arrives at the bounds 4 of the Belgae. 

6. I was yesterday at Caesar's house (apud Caesarem). 

7. That most illustrious 5 commander had strengthened 6 the 
republic at home and abroad by his victories. 

8. Brutus learned philosophy at Athens, eloquence in 
Rhodes. 

9. My sisters are passing 7 their life in the country. 8 

10. I have lived in Rome, Carthage, Athens, Sardis, and 
Corinth. 

11. Amynander sent ambassadors both to Rome to the 
Senate, and to the Scipios in Asia. 9 

12. Cicero after [his] exile sailed 10 from Greece to Italy, 
and remained a few days at Brundisium; then, through 
friendly cities, returned to Rome. 

1 peragro. 1 2 transeo. 3 perficio? 4 fines. 5 clarus. 

6 augeo. 2 ? ago? 8 § 55, 3. d. 9 Accusative. 10 navigo. 1 



D. — Use of Moods and Tenses. 

27. Independent Uses of the Subjunctive. 

§ 57, 2. with a (classification: R. 43); 3, 4, 6 
(hortatory, optative, dubitative) ; compare § 60, 2. a, b 
(potential, hypothetical) ; and § 57, 7. a (prohibitions). 

Examples. 

i. Haec sint falsa sane : invidiosa certe non sunt. 

2. Malim te esse bonum quam videri. 

3. Hoc vero sine ulla dubitatione confirmaverim, eloquen- 
tiam esse rem unam omnium difficillimam. 

4. Me quidem eo proficiscentem haud sane quis facile 
retraxerit. 



ioo Latin Method. 

5. Jam vero quis audeat dicere vera omnia esse somnia? 

6. Quid hoc homine faciatis ? 

7. Felix vivas, moriare felix ! 

8. Valeant cives mei, valeant ! Sint incolumes, sint flo- 
rentes, sint beati. Stet haec urbs praeclara. Tranquilla 
republica cives mei perfruantur. 

9. Si certum est facere, facias ; verum ne post conferas 
culpam in me. 

10. Nihil ignoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia 
commotus ne sis. 

11. Isto bono utare dum adsit; cum absit, ne requiras. 

12. Vendat 1 aedes vir bonus propter aliqua vitia, quae ipse 
norit ceteri ignorent : pestilentes sint 1 et habeantur salubres ; 
ignoretur 1 in omnibus cubiculis apparere serpen tes; 2 male 
materiatae, ruinosae — sed hoc, praeter dominum, nemo sciat. 1 
Quaero, si hoc emptoribus venditor non dixerit, num id 
injuste fecerit? 

1 Render these subjunctives by "suppose," &c. 2 vermin. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Let the advantage 1 of the commonwealth prevail. 2 

2. Let us accordingly 3 bring up 4 [our] child with every 
indulgence. 

3. Plant 5 no tree, Varus, sooner 6 than the sacred vine. 

4. This thou shalt do : 7 this thou shalt not do. 8 

5. Let him write to me what he has done. 8 

6. I could not easily say 8 that this is better. 

7. I wish 9 [that] Athens may conquer. 9 

8. This thing may [perhaps] seem absurd 10 to you. 

9. Some-one 11 may [perhaps] think that I am-wrong. 12 

10. No one can easily restrain Caesar from victory. 18 

11. I would rather 14 be at home than abroad. 15 

12. Suppose your friend should fall sick 16 or die, what will 
you do? 

13. Let justice be done [though] heaven fall. 

1 titilitas, 3 valeo? 3 proinde. 4 nutrioA 5 sero? 6 prius, 

? Fut. imperat. 8 p er f. su bj. 9 Pres. subj. 10 absurdus. 

11 quispiam. 12 erro x (infin.). 13 Compare Latin example 4 (above). 

14 malim. 15 forts. 16 in morbum cadere. 



Constructions of Syntax. 101 

28. Historical Infinitive. 

§ 57, 8. h: R. 40. (For other uses of the Infinitive, 
see page 114.) 

Examples. 

i. Brevi spatio hostes ex omnibus partibus decurrere, 
lapides in vallum conjicere ; nostri primo integris viribus for- 
titer repugnare, neque ullum frustra telum mittere : ut quae- 
que pars castrorum premi videbatur, eo occurrere et auxilium 
ferre. 

2. Circumspectare turn patriciorum vultus plebeii, et inde 
libertatis captare auram, unde servitutem timuerant. Pri- 
mores patrum odisse decemviros, odisse plebem. 

3. Interea Catilina Romae multa simul moliri : consuli 
insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna loca armatis ho- 
minibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, item alios jubere ; dies 
noctlsque festinare, vigilare, neque insomniis neque labore 
fatigari. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Every single 1 article-of-plate 2 that 8 [man would] take 
into [his] hands, praise, admire. 

2. And now not even the back 4 was spared : 5 some 6 were 
beaten 7 with rods, 8 others brought to the block. 9 

3. Under the dominion 10 of Lucius Sulla, everybody 

[would] rob, carry-off, covet 11 — one man a house, another 

lands ; 12 the victors kept 13 no limit 14 or restraint, 15 [but] did 

shocking 16 and cruel [things] among the citizens. 

1 unumquodque. 2 vas. 3 iste. 4 Ablative. 

5 abstineo (impers.). 6 alius, 7 verbero\ 8 virga* 

9 securi subjicere. 10 dominates.* n rapio, traho> cupio* 

12 ager. 13 habeo. li modus. 15 modestia. 16 foedus, 

29. Sequence of Tenses. 

§ 58, 9, 10. (tenses of the Subjunctive, and rule for 
Sequence of Tenses), with the classification as given 
in the Remark (p. 162), which is to be carefully 
studied, as well as the examples above. 



102 Latin Method. 

Observe that the general rule for the sequence of tenses is the 
same as in English ; but in Latin a dependent verb is put in a past 
tense by this rule, when either the principal or a subordinate verb, 
on which it depends, is in the past, even though the construction 
may be otherwise in English (see example 7, below). 

Note. — The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive under this 
rule may express a relatively future action (see § 59, 4. f\ as rep- 
resenting in indirect discourse the future and future perfect indica- 
tive : as, si discessisset = if he shall depart (shall have departed) 
(Cesar, B. G. i. 45). 

Examples. 

i. Non possunt multi rem amittere, ut non plures secum 
in eandem calamitatem trahant. 

2. Rex adeo saevus erat, ut filio suo non temperaret. 

3. Mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus 
excellere. 

4. Quorum haec est condicio, uti omnibus in vita com- 
modis una cum iis fruantur, quorum se amicitiae dederint. 

5. Singulas naves nostri expugnaverunt, ut perpaucae ex 
omni numero ad terram pervenerint. 

6. Cicero se ex patria excessisse dicit, ut bellum civile 
averteret. 

7. Tantum profecisse videmur, ut a Graecis ne verborum 
quidem copia vinceremur. 1 

8. Omnem coetum hominum vitat, quasi omnibus invisus 
sit. 2 

1 Translate by the present tense. 

2 Translate by the past tense (see § 61, I. R.). 

"Write in Latin. 

1. I write that I may admonish you. 

2. I wrote yesterday that I might inform you. 

3. He runs-away 1 as if he were 2 frightened. 

4. He undertook this task as if he were a good workman. 8 

5. I will come to-morrow to-see 4 you. 

6. We went out yesterday to see 4 the battle. 

7. I have toiled 5 so-long 6 that I am completely tired-out. 7 

1 effugio? 2 Present subj. 3 faber, 4 ut, with subj. 

6 laboro. 1 6 tarn diu, 7 defessus. 



Constructions of Syntax. 103 

8. Caesar was so merciful 6 that not even [his] beaten 7 ene- 
mies 8 feared him. 

9. This man is so 9 just that no one ever feared 10 to con- 
fide in him. 

6 clemens. 7 victus, 8 inimicus. 9 adeo. 10 Perfect subj. 

E. — Subordinate Constructions. 

30. Conditional Clauses. 

§ 59: general definition, with 1. a, b (Protasis and 
Apodosis), and the Classification on page 167 (com- 
mitting to memory the models, with their meaning) ; 
also 3. a 9 b 9 and 4. a, b 9 c (present, past, and future 
conditions). 

N. B. — Notice the exceptional use of the Indicative in the 
apodosis contrary to fact, as given in 3. d, ej comparing these 
with § 60, 2. c, and the Remark. 

Examples. 

i. Nisi me animus fallit, haud multum a me aberit infor- 
tunium. 

2. Hoc si tecum patria loquatur, nonne impetrare debeat, 
etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 

3. Si scripserim ad fratrem meum, Romam statim properet. 

4. Si calamus mihi adesset, scriberem ad Marcum. 

5. Sapientia non expeteretur si nihil efficeret. 

6. Servi mei si me isto pacto metuerent, ut te metuunt 
omnes cives tui, domum meam relinquendam putarem. 

7. Si te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos 
ulla ratione placare posses, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes. 

8. Si meum consilium auctoritasque valuisset, tu hodie 
egeres, nos liberi essemus, respublica non tot duces et exer- 
citus amisisset. 

9. Mens prope uti ferrum est : si exerceas, conteritur ; 
nisi exerceas, rubiginem contrahit. 

10. Nulla est igitur excusatio peccati, si amici causa pec- 
caveris. 



104 Latin Method. 

Write in Latin. 

i. If you should see your father to-morrow, what should 
you say ? 

2. If I had not known that you would come, I should 
have written. 

3. I should not have gone 4 yesterday, if I had known. 

4. I should go to-day if you wished. 

5. I should go to-morrow if you should be ill. 1 

6. Hannibal would not have fought at 2 Zama if he could 
have helped 3 [it]. 

7. I would not have gone 4 unless Caesar had ordered. 

8. You can always do that if you try. 6 

9. If it is allowed, 6 I shall be-glad-to 7 speak. 

10. If it would be allowed, I should be-glad-to 7 speak. 

1 aegroto.l 2 ad. 8 defugio? 4 prqficiscor? b conor, 1 

6 licet (fut.). 7 libenter (adv.). 

31. Disguised Conditions. 

§ 60, general remark, also 1. with a (usual forms 
of disguised conditions). 

Examples. 

i. Nemo unquam, sine magna spe immortalitatis, se pro 
patria offeret ad mortem. 

2. Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et 
industria. 

3. Turn ego : " Etiamne, si te in Capitolium faces ferre 
vellet ? " " Nunquam " inquit " voluisset." 

4. Omnes labores contemnendo fiunt tolerabiles. 

5. Nee ego Seriphius nee tu Atheniensis clarus unquam 
fuisses. 

6. Illo tempore aliter sensisses. 

7. Neque agricultura neque frugum perceptio et conser- 
vatio sine hominum opera esse potuisset. 

8. Magnitudo animi, remota a communitate conjuncti- 
oneque hominum, feritas sit quaedam et immanitas. 

9. Pons sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus vir 
fuisset. 



Constructions of Syntax. 105 

Write in Latin. 

i. At another time I might think 1 so. 

2. Without friendship no man's life could be truly called 
happy. 

3. [If he were] in tending-to-return 2 home, he would not 
delay 3 so long in business. 4 

4. A life remote from the society of men and the protec- 
tion of laws would justly 5 be reckoned 6 wild 7 and dreary. 8 

5. Without help of the Gauls, Caesar could not have over- 
come 9 the Germans. 

6. In extreme poverty 10 old age cannot be a light [burden]. 
1 Present subj. 2 Future participle. 3 moror.l 

4 negotlor 1 (gerund). 5 rect€t 6 Present subj. ? agrestis. 

8 tristis. 9 superoy 10 summa inopia. 



32. Comparative Particles. 

§ 61, 1. (particles of comparison introducing con- 
ditional clauses) ; also the Remark, comparing § 59, 
3. b (condition contrary to fact). 

Examples. 

i. Sed quid his testibus utor, quasi res dubia aut ob- 
scura sit ? 

2. Me juvat, velut si ipse in parte laboris ac periculi 
fuerim, ad finem belli Punici pervenisse. 

3. Parvi primo ortu jacent, tanquam omnino sine animo 
sint. 

4. Quasi vero haec similia sint ! 

5. Perinde ac si in hanc formulam omnia judicia legitima 
comprehensa sint ! 

6. Quasi vero ego ad ilium venire debuerim ! 

Write in Latin. 

1. He walks as if he were lame. 1 

2. You speak to me as if you thought I were deceiving 2 
you. 

1 claudus. 2 decipio? 



106 Latin Method. 

3. You spoke 8 to me yesterday as if you thought I was 
deceiving you. 

4. He spends 4 [his] money as if he reckoned 5 himself a 
rich [man]. 

5. He looks as if he had lived a year in-the-country. 

6. He spoke of the monuments and antiquities as if he 
had lived a year at Rome. 

3 loquor? 4 largior^ 5 existimo\ 



33. Temporal Clauses. 

§ 62, 2. with Note (absolute and relative time) ; 
also a, b (construction of ubi, postquam, etc., and of 
cum temporal), and e {cum causal and concessive). 

a. Cum followed by the present or perfect subjunctive is almost 
always causal or concessive, and is to be translated since, 
while, or although. 

b. Cum followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is 
more commonly temporal. In this case, it is sometimes to be 
translated when ; but is often best rendered by a participle, present 
ox perfect, in English. 

Examples. 

i. Cum ad villam veni, hoc ipsum nihil agere me delectat. 

2. Cum fortuna reflavit, affligimur. 

3. Ubi id Verres audivit, Diodorum ad se vocavit. 

4. Pompeius ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit. 

5. Simul ac primum Verri occasio visa est, consulem 
deseruit. 

6. Postquam id difficilius visum est, neque facultas 1 per- 
ficiendi dabatur, ad Pompeium transierunt. 

7. Ita mulier, dum pauca mancipia retinere vult, fortunas 
omnes perdidit. 

8. Dixerat hoc ille, cum puer rediit. 

9. Cum ego ilium vidi, jam consilium mutaverat. 

10. Cum ver esse coeperat, Verres dabat se labori atque 
itineribus. 

1 and no opportunity. 



Constructions of Syntax. 107 

11. Jam ver adpetebat, cum Hannibal ex hibernis mover. 

12. Argumentum tempestatis nautae putant, cum multae 
transvolant stellae. 

13. Epaminondas cum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Man- 
tineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quae- 
sivit salvusne esset clipeus. 

14. Res cum haec scribebam 2 erat in extremum adducta 
discrimen. 

15. Cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, 
ratio ipsa monet amicitias parare. 

16. Homines, cum 3 multis rebus infirmiores sint, hac re 
maxime bestiis praestant, quod loqui possunt. 

17. Phocion fuit perpetuo pauper, cum ditissimus esse 
posset. 

18. Cum multae res in philosophia nequaquam satis adhuc 
explicatae sint, turn perdifficilis et perobscura 4 quaestio est de 
natura deorum. 

19. Cum sit in nobis consilium, ratio, prudentia, necesse 
est deum haec ipsa habere majora. 

2 See § 58, 8. » while, * S ee § 17, 5. d. 

Write in Latin. 

i. When you come (fut. perf.), I shall go away. 1 

2. I was asleep 2 when the doctor came. 

3. I had scarcely 3 read your letter, when Lentulus ap- 
proached. 4 

4. When he had said this, he went away. 

5. This he had said, when news-was-brought 5 that the 
enemy were in sight. 6 

6. When summer had begun/ he used-to-make his quarters 8 
at Syracuse. 

7. When I reached home, my father had already gone. 9 

8. While he was speaking thus, his father arrived. 10 

9. When I come home at night, 11 I take-comfort 12 in- 
doing 13 nothing. 

1 abeo. 2 dormio. 4 3 vix, * appropinquoy 5 nuntio 1 (impers. ). 
6 conspectus, 7 Add " to be." 8 stativa, 9 abeo. 

10 venioS A1 vesper i. 12 me delector, 13 Gerund. 



108 Latin Method. 

10. As soon as he saw his father coming, he ran-away. 14 
ii. Since the time is-near, 15 it becomes us all to be ready. 

12. While I do not believe him to be a robber, yet I dis- 
trust him. 

13. Will you not believe, when the thing is so plain ? 16 

14. I congratulate 17 you that 18 you have recovered 19 your 
property 21 at-last. 20 

14 e ff u gi°^ 15 adsum. 16 manifestus. 17 gratulor x (dat.). 

18 quod (followed by indie). 19 recipio? 20 tandem (before the verb). 

» res. 



34. Purpose and Result. 

§ 64, 1. with a (Final Clauses, with ut, ne, quo) ; 
§ 65, i, with a, b (Consecutive Clauses, with ut> quo- 
minus 9 quin). 

a. The clause of Purpose is often to be translated by that, or 
in order that, with may or might (English Potential) ; but oftener 
by the Infinitive with to : as, veni ut viderem, / came to see {that 
I might see). 

b. The clause of Result is expressed in English sometimes by 
the Infinitive with to, so-as-to, or an equivalent : as, tarn longe 
abfui ut non viderem, / was so far away that I did not see (too 
far away to see). 

c. After verbs of hindering, quominus is most commonly 
rendered by from with the verbal noun in -ing : as, turba impe- 
divit quominus viderem, the crowd hindered me from seeing. 

d. But if the verb of hindering is negatived by not, or some 
equivalent, quin is used instead of quominus : as, turba non im- 
pedivit quin viderem, the crowd did not hinder me from seeing. 

e. Purpose is never to be expressed in Latin by the simple 
infinitive, as it often is in English. For the ways in which it may 
be expressed, see § 64, 2. 

Note. — Observe that in Latin these two constructions are 
precisely alike in the affirmative, but that in the negative one takes 
ne, and the other ut non. Thus, custoditus est ne effugeret, he 
was guarded so that he might not escape ; but custoditus est ut 
non effugeret, he was guarded so that he did not escape. 



Constructions of Syntax. 109 

Examples. 

i. Capuam proficiscar, quo facilius de Pompeii rebus 
cognoscam. 

2. Ager non semel aratur, sed novatur et iteratur, quo 
meliores fetus possit et grandiores edere. 

3. Haec ideo ad te scribebam, 1 ne me oblitum esse man- 
datorum tuorum putares. 

4. Quamobrem discede, atque hunc mihi 2 timorem eripe : 
si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut tandem aliquando 
timere desinani. 

5. Helvetii legatos ad Caesarem miserunt qui pacem 
peterent. 

6. Sunt multi qui eripiunt aliis 2 quod aliis largiantur. 

7. Verba reperta sunt quae indicarenf voluxitaXem. 

8. Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interjtceret 

9. Helvetii diem dicunt, 4 qua 5 die ad ripam Rhodani 
omnes conveniant. 

10. Natura oculos membranis tenuissimis vestivit et sepsit, 
quas primum perlucidas 6 fecit, ut per eas cerni posset, firmas 
autem, ut continerentur ; sed lubricos oculos fecit et mobiles, 
ut et declinarent si quid noceret, et aspectum quo vellent 
facile converter ent. 

11. Non dubito quin hoc nuntio gaudeas. 

12. In virtute multi sunt adscensus ; ut is gloria maxime 
excellat y qui virtute plurimum praestet. 

13. Exspectari diutius non oportuit, quin ad castra iretnr. 

14. Caesar cognovit, per Afranium stare 7 quominus dimi- 
caretur. 

15. Non recusabo quominus omnes mea scripta legant. 

1 See § 58, 8. 2 See § 51, 2. e. 3 See § 66, 2. 

* appoint. 6 See § 13, 2. n. « See § 17, 5. d. 

1 that it was awing to Afranius. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Aeneas, that he might win 1 the hearts of the Aborigines, 
called both the nations Latins. 

2. Romulus, lest the greatness of the city should be void, 2 
opened a certain place [as] an asylum. 

1 sibi conciliare. 2 vanus. 



no Latin Method. 

3. The Clusians sent ambassadors to Rome, to ask aid 
from the Seriate. 

4. I sent [a man] to Antony, to 8 tell [him] this. 

5. A pen 4 was given me to write with. 6 

6. He lived honorably, that 6 he might quit 7 life with a 
more calm mind. 

7. Again and again I beg you to do it. 

8. Thrice I have begged you to come as-soon-as-possible. 8 

9. What prevents you from coming at-once ? 9 

10. I shall not prevent your returning home to-morrow. 

3 qui, * calamus. 5 quo scriberem. 6 quo. 1 excedo? e. 

8 quam primum. 9 statim. 

35. Clause of Characteristic. 

§ 65, 2. with 0, 6, c, d, e, f (relative Clauses of 
Characteristic) . 

The Clause of Characteristic is to be translated variously, 
according to the context : see examples in the Grammar, noticing 
particularly e (cause or hindrance). 

N. B. — The constructions which have now been given are the 
only ones in which the Subjunctive affects the translation into 
English. 

Examples. 

i. Qui sunt qui audeant in provincia contra fortunas 
praetoris judicare? 

2. Nemo fuit quin mala mea inrideret. 

3. Nulla acies ingenii humani tanta est, quae penetrare 
in caelum possit. 

4. Nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat 

5. Nihil bonum est, quod non eum qui id possideat melio- 
rem faciat. 

6. Digna res est, quam diu multumque consideremus. 

7. Nulla mihi videbatur aptior persona quae de senectute 
laqueretur. 

8. Major est quam cui nocere possis. 

9. Miserior erat quam cui invideri posset. 
10. Voluptas est sola quae nos vocet ad se. 



Constructions of Syntax. in 

ii. Nemo est tarn senex, qui se annum non putet posse 
vivere. 

12. Nemo est quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Innocence is a quality 1 of the mind which harms 2 no 
one. 

2. Who is there that does not laugh sometimes ? 8 

3. There is no one who has not heard this. 

4. He is an honest man, so far as I know. 4 

5. This man is not fit 5 for you to imitate. 6 

6. The load is too heavy for 7 a boy to carry. 

1 affectio. - noceo? 3 aliquci7ido. 4 quod sciam, 

5 idoneus. 6 i?nitor. 1 7 quam quod, &c. 

36. Intermediate Dependent Clauses. 
§ 66 (the general statement, comparing R. 47) ; 1. 
with c, d, and 2. (implied indirect discourse, and de- 
pendent subjunctive) : compare § 67, 1. (general rule 
of Indirect Discourse). 

Examples. 

1. Caesar dat negotium Senonibus, uti ea quae apud 
Belgas gerantur cognoscant, seque de his rebus certiorem 
faciant. 

2. Caesar graviter eos accusat quod ab iis non suble7>etur, 
praesertim cum eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperiL 

3. Laudat Africanum Panaetius quodfuerit abstinens. 

4. Quinto die Volusenus ad Caesarerri revertitur, quaeque 
ibi perspexis set nuntiat. 

5. Ariovistus respondit : " Si quid ipsi a Caesare opus 
essety sese ad eum venturum fuisse." * 

6. Helvetii, auctoritate Orgetorigis permoti, constituerunt 
ea quae ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare. 

7. Xerxes inflammasse templa Graeciae dicitur, quod 
parietibus induderent deos ; quibus omnia deberent esse paten- 
tia ac libera ; quorumque hie mundus omnis templum esset 

et domus. 

1 would have come (see § 67, 1. c). 



112 Latin Method. 

Write in Latin. 

i. He promised to-give 1 what I had asked. 

2. I ordered him to bring 2 whatever was necessary. 8 

3. The lieutenant 4 on-his-return 5 reported to Caesar what 
he had seen in the enemy's camp. 

4. Cicero praises Pompey [on the ground] that he was a 
commander of the highest merit. 6 

5. The ambassador 4 replied that, if this [demand] were 
refused, 7 the Romans would at-once 8 declare 9 war. 

6. I will declare 10 frankly 11 what I think to be for the 

advantage 12 of the state. 

1 se daturum. 2 adfero. 3 opus. 4 legatus. 5 reversus. 

6 virtus. 1 nego. 1 8 statim. 9 indico? ltt confirmo^ 

11 aperte. 12 utilitas. 

37. Indirect Discourse. 

§ 67, General Definition with Remark ; and 1. (gen- 
eral rule of Indirect Discourse) with a and b (use of 
subject-accusative, and of relative clauses). 

a. The form of speech called Indirect Discourse, and distin- 
guished by the use of the Infinitive and Subjunctive moods, is 
constructed as follows : — 

1. The leading statement is put in the main clause, with its 
verb in the Infinitive and the subject in the Accusative : it is a 
substantive clause, construed as the Object of some verb or 
other expression of knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving (see 
the following section, where examples of it will be given). 

2. Subordinate clauses, introduced by Relatives, relative or 
conditional Particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunc- 
tive : these are intermediate dependent clauses (as in the 
foregoing section). 

b. The English word to introduce Indirect Discourse is that : 
as, dicit scire se haec esse vera, he says that he knows that 
this is true. But it is frequently well (as in the above example) to 
omit " that " in translation, or even to change the form to direct 
discourse, as if the statement were independent, inserting the verb 
of saying, &c. (if necessary) in a parenthetical clause. Thus, in 
the passage — 



Constructions of Syntax. 



"3 



P. Scipionem, eum qui primus 
Africanus appellatus est, dicere 
solitum, scripsit Cato, qui fuit ejus 
fere aequalis, nunquam se minus 
otiosum esse quam cum otiosus, 
nee minus solum quam cum solus 
esset. — Cic, Off", iii. i. 



Publius Scipio, the same who 
was first called Africanus, used to 
say — as Cato writes, who was 
nearly of his time — that he was 
never less idle than when at leisure, 
and never less alone than when 
alone. 



Future. 
3. dicet se 



An attention to this remark will often make a sentence read 
easily and clearly in the English idiom, without departing from 
the order of thought or even of words as found in Latin. 

c. The use of tenses in Indirect Discourse may be seen in the 
following examples : — 

f scribere, he says that he is [now] writing. 

' . . scripsisse, he says that he wrote (has or had 

1. dicit se < . . s 

written or was writing). 

|^ scripturum [esse], he says that he will write* 

Past. f scribere, he said that he was [then] writing. 

2. dixit se < scripsisse, he said that he had written. 

I scripturum [esse], he said that he would write. 

scribere, he will say that he is [then] writing. 
scripsisse, he will say that he has written, &c. 
scripturum [esse], he will say that he is going to 
write. 

Observe that in the future of Indirect Discourse, with the 
participle in -urus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted. 

d. With verbs of hoping, promising, threatening, and the like, 
the Latin use differs from English in requiring the subject always 
to be expressed : as, 

1. sperat se venturum, he hopes to come (lit. " he hopes that he 

shall come "). 

2. minatus est se urbem deleturum, he threatened to destroy 

the city. 

e. As in English, a double construction is found in the passive 
of indirect discourse, the verb of saying, &c, being either personal 
or impersonal. Thus we may say dicitur Caesar abiisse, Ca>sar 
is said to have gone ; or, dicitur Caesarem abiisse, it is said that 
Ccesar has gone. In the former case (as more commonly in Latin), 
the subject of the verb is Caesar ; in the latter, the clause Caesa- 
rem abiisse (compare § 70, 2. a). 

8 



114 Latin Method. 

F. — Substantive Clauses. 

38. Infinitive Clauses. 

§ 70, 2. (the infinitive clause as Subject and as 
Object: R. 38, 39), also § 57, 8. a and e. Compare 
the illustration and examples in Lesson 21, page 34. 

<i. In English the sign of the Infinitive is to. It is often used 
in such sentences as these : " I think it to be right ; " "I know 
it to be true ; " " He is said to be rich ; " " You ordered it to be 
done ; " when we might say, " I think that it is right," and so on. 
In Latin the infinitive construction is used in this way after any 
verb or other expression of knowings thinking, telling, or fie?'- 
ceiving. 

b. The present infinitive (§ 58, 11. with a), when depending on 
a past tense, is to be translated by a past tense : as, renuntiavit 
hostes esse in conspectu, he brought word that the ene7ny were 
in sight; sometimes by the perfect infinitive : as, scire potuit, he 
might have known ; hoc fieri oportuit, this ought to have been 
done. In these cases, the past possibility, necessity, &c., are 
indicated in Latin by the leading verb, as they are not in English. 

c. The perfect infinitive in Latin may stand in indirect discourse 
for any past tense of the indicative (see § 58, 11. b, with the special 
use of memini). 

Examples. 

i. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. 

2. Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est. 

3. Cives civibus parere aequum esse censeo. 

4. Magna laus est tantas res solum gessisse. 

5. Fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse 
muros. 

6. Renuntiatur Germanos castra turn habuisse juxta 
Rhenum. 

7. Te hilari esse animo valde me juvat. 

8. Majori parti exercitus placuit castra defendere. 

9. Memini me epistolam scribere cum hie rumor adlatus 
est. 

10. Mihi non licet esse otioso (non licet me esse otiosum). 

11. Eum non licet ante tempus consulem fieri. 



Constructions of Syntax. 115 

12. Vestra interest manus hostium distineri. 

13. Oratorem irasci minime decet, simulare non dedecet. 

14. Senatui placuit C. Cassium proconsulem provinciam 
Syriam obtinere. 

15. Facinus est vincire civem Romanum ; scelus verberare ; 
prope parricidium necare : quid dicam in crucem tollere ? 
verbo satis digno tarn nefaria res appellari nullo modo potest. 

Write in L.atin. 

i. It is a grand 1 thing to be made consul. 

2. It is beneficial 2 for a sick 3 man to sleep. 

3. It is-better 4 to live honorably 5 than to be born honorably. 

4. It is said that he was writing at the 6 time. 

5. There was, however, a rumor that the election 7 would 
be 8 put off. 9 

6. It is lawful for no man to lead an army against [his] 
country. 

7. The scouts 10 report that the Germans have already 
crossed 11 the Rhine. 

8. It was to the interest of Clodius that Milo should perish. 

9. I hear that Cicero has set out 12 [for] Athens. 

10. Divitiacus said that he knew these things were true, 
n. I remember that [when] a boy I saw the orator Hor- 
tensius. 

12. I take it ill 13 that I am poor. 14 

1 magnificus. 2 utilis. 3 aegrotus. 4 praestat. s hoiteste. 

6 is. 7 comitia (plur.). 8 fore ut. 9 differ o. 10 explorator. 
11 transeo. 12 proficiscor? 13 aegrefero. 14 Compare § 70, 5. b. 

39. Substantive Clauses of Purpose. 

§ 70, 3. (clauses with ut and ne developed from pur- 
pose), with a, b, c, d, e,f (clauses of influence, wish, 
permission, resolve, effort, and fearing) , with the two 
Remarks on page 196 (omission of ut or ne). 

The clause of Purpose may be translated by that with the 
auxiliaries may, might, shall, should (English potential) ; but 
often by the simple infinitive (compare 37, above). 



Ii6 Latin Method. 

Examples. 

i. Navem idoneam ut habeas diligenter videbis. 

2. Videant consules ne quid respublica detrimenti capiat. 

3. Satis undique provisum atque praecautum est, ne quid 
adversus vos in pugna praeter hostes esset. 

4. Jugurtha oppidanos hortatur ut moenia defendant. 

5. Caesar huic imperat adeat civitates, horteturoue ut 
populi Romani fidem sequantur, seque celeriter eo venturum 
nuntiet. 

6. Cave enim putes me pacem desperare. 

7. Galli timebant ne Caesar sibi bellum inferret 

8. Orn amenta metuo ut possim recipere. 

9. Vereor ut Dolabella ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. 

10. Tu ad me de istis rebus omnibus scribas velim quam 
diligentissime. 

11. Publicola instituit primus, ut singulis consulibus alter- 
nis mensibus lictores praeirent. 

"Write in Latin. 

i. He gave-orders 1 that the Senate should return to [their 
usual] apparel. 2 

2. The Senate voted* that the consuls should hold a 
levy. 4 

3. The general made-proclamation 1 that no one 5 should 
fight without his orders. 6 

4. Divitiacus implores 7 that Caesar will pardon 8 his 
brother 9 [his] fault. 10 

5. I wish you would inquire, 11 and write to me. 

6. Galba persuaded the soldiers to go away. 

7. I fear he will come. 

8. I fear he will not come. 

1 edico? 2 vestitust 3 dece7'no? 4 delectus.* 5 ne quis. 

6 injussu suo. 7 i m plor l 8 ig nosco z 9 Dative. 

10 peecatum. U inter rogo.* 



Constructions of Syntax. 117 

40. Substantive Clauses of Result. 

§ 70, 4. (clauses with ut and ut non, developed 
from result), with a, d, e, g (clauses of happening, 
tantum abest ut, facer e ut, and hindering). 

The clause of Result may be translated by that, with or with- 
out the auxiliaries can, could; occasionally by the simple Infinitive ; 
sometimes by the participial noun in -ing (see examples under g), 
especially verbs of hindering. 

In general, the learner may be advised to use the Infinitive 
in rendering a Latin object-clause, wherever the English idio7n 
permits. 

Examples. 

i. Res tat ///pauca dicam de senectute. 

2. Reliquum est ut officiis certemus inter nos. 

3. Sequitur ut officiorum genera distinguam. 

4. Facere non possum quin quotidie litteras ad te tnittam 
ut tuas accipiam. 

5. Tantum abest #/ nostra mireniur^ ut nobis ipse non 
satisfaciat Demosthenes. 

6. Non est dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii 
possint 

7. Sequitur ut futurum sit ut rex interficiatur. 

8. Credidi fore ut puerum ignaviae puderet. 

9. Haec prima lex amicitiae sanciatur: ut ab amicis 
honesta petamus ; amicorum causa honesta faciamus ; ne 
exspectemus quidem, dum rogemur ; studium semper adsit, 
cunctatio absit. 

Write in Latin. 

i. It remains 1 that I speak briefly 2 concerning peace. 

2. It cannot be doubted that 3 we ought to obey 4 the laws 
of virtue. 

3. Dionysius was so far 5 from being happy, that he was of 
all men most wretched. 

4. The soldiers were hardly 6 held-back 7 from 8 bursting 9 

into the town. 

1 restat. 2 pauca. 3 quin. 4 pareo^ 5 tantum aberat (impers.). 
6 aegre. 7 retineo? 8 quin, 9 inrumpo? 



n8 Latin Method, 

41. Substantive Clauses with JQuod. 
§ 70, 5. with a and b (indicative clause with quod, 
introducing a statement of fact : , specification , or object 
of feeling). 

The quod-clause is generally to be translated by that, or 
the-fact-that ; occasionally by whereas, or as-to-what. 

Examples. 

i. Non ea res me deterruit, quod tu ad me nullas litteras 
miseras. 

2. Percommode 1 factum est, quod de morte primo die 
disputatum est 

3. Non pigritia facio quod non mea manu scribo. 

4. Hoc uno praestamus vel maxime feris, quod exprimere 
dicendo senss. flossutnus. 

5. Me una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi nullum a me 
pietatis officium defuit. 

6. Quod spiratis, quod vocem mittitis, quod formam homi- 
num habetis, indignantur. 

1 See § 17, 5. d. 

"Write in Latin. 

i. It alarms 1 me that I hear nothing from my brother. 

2. This 2 is my chief comfort, 3 that I have done no wrong 4 
willingly. 5 

3. The Romans excelled the Greeks in this, — that they 
knew-how 6 to give liberty to conquered 7 states. 

4. I am glad 11 that you have returned 8 at length to [your] 
country. 

5. As to what you say of [your] health, 9 1 am glad to hear 
that you are recovering. 10 

1 terreo. 2 2 illud. 3 solarium. 4 injuria, 5 volens. 

6 scioA 7 victus. 8 reverter* 9 valetudo, 10 convalesco? 

11 gaudeo* 

42. Indirect Questions. 

§ 67, 2. (construction of the Indirect Question), 
with a and e (use o{ the periphrastic future, nescio quis, 
etc.) ; also the Remark, p. 191 (passive construction). 



Constructions of Syntax. 119 

Observe that an Indirect Question occurs only when an inter- 
rogative clause (or one introduced by an interrogative word) is made 
the subject or object of some verb, or equivalent phrase. Thus the 
words who is there? are a direct question ; in the sentence I do 
not know [it is uncertain] who is there, the same words are an 
indirect question. This form is to be carefully distinguished 
from dependent relative clauses under 39, above ; also from 
direct questions in the subjunctive mood (dubitative subjunctive) : 
as, quid faciam ? what shall I do f quid facer em? what was I 
to do ? 

Examples. 

i. Si quid in mentem venit, velim scribas et ipse quid sis 
acturus. 

2. Caesar ab iis quaesivit, quae civitates quantaeque in 
armis essent, et quid in bello possent. 

3. Incertum est quando domus nostras visuri simus. 

4. Videamus deorumne providentia mundus regatur. 

5. Quaero num quando amici novi veteribus sint ante- 
ponendi. 

6. Deinde ex eo quaesitum est, Archelaum nonne beatum 
putaret. 

7. Quaero utrum Alexandrum an Caesarem magis mireris. 

8. Interrogatus scutumne amisisset, respondit id esse 
tutum. 

9. Mihi non minori curae est qualis respublica post 
mortem meam futura sit, quam qualis hodie sit. 

Write in Latin. 

x 1. Do you not remember what I said a-little-while-ago. 1 

2. No man knows when he shall die. 

3. I wrote what I was going-to-do. 2 

4. I asked what you were going-to-do : 8 what had to be 
done. 4 

5. You ask me whether I have lost my friend. 

6. Bring-me-word 5 whether your brother is at home. 

7. I should-like-to-have-you 6 inform 7 me whether you will 
come or-not. 8 

1 paulo ante. 2 acturus. 3 f acturus. 4 faciendum esse. 

5 renuntio. 1 6 velim. 7 certiorem facere (subj.). 8 necne. 



120 Latin Method. 

©• — Participial Constructions. 
43. Participles: Predicate Use. 

§ 72, 1. with b (use of the participles; perfect of 
deponents) ; 2, 3. with Remark and a (adjective and 
predicate use) ; 4. with #, b (the future participle in 
urus) . 

In these constructions, the translation must be varied to conform 
to the English idiom (see § 72, 3. with the Remark). 

Examples. 

i. Pastor elatam securim in regis caput dejecit. 

2. Catilinam Lentulus et Cethegus deprehensi non terru- 
erunt. 

3. Non multo ante urbem captam, exaudita est vox e luco 
Vestae. 

4. Ab orto usque ad occidentem solem pugnatum est. 

5. Querimur de Milone per vim expulso. 

6. Major ex civibus amissis dolor quam laetitia fusis 
hostibus fuit. 

7. Post expulsos reges consules creati sunt. 

8. Aer effluens hue et illuc ventos efficit. 

9. Tarquinius elatum e curia regem in inferiorem partem 
per gradus dejecit. 

10. Fugientes Gallos Caesar adsecutus trucidavit. 

11. Intentum animum tanquam arcum habebat Appius 
senex. 

Write in Latin. 

i. Each man claimed 1 for himself the glory of having 
slain 2 the king. 

2. From the founding 8 of the city to the expulsion 4 of the 
kings and the liberation 5 of the city was two hundred and 
forty years. 

3. Caesar overtook 6 the Helvetii in-their-flight, 7 at 8 the 
river Arar. 

1 expeto? 2 interficio? 3 condo.* 4 exigo? 5 liber v. 1 

6 adsequor$ ' fugio? 8 ad* 



Constructions of Syntax. 121 

4. After the storming 9 of Massilia a league was struck. 10 

5. Six years after the capture 9 of Veii, Rome was taken by 
the Gauls. 

6. By the conquest 11 of the Veientes, the consul had 
increased 12 the Roman state. 

9 expugno. 1 10 ico. z ll devinco^ l2 augeo.* 

44. Ablative Absolute. 

§ 54, 10. 3, with Note (ablative absolute of time 01 
circumstance)^ and a (impersonal use of adjective or 
participle). 

a. The Ablative Absolute is very rarely found except with the 
present active and the perfect passive participle. 

b. As the Nominative Absolute is rarely admissible in English, 
a change of form is generally required in translation. Thus the 
present participle is oftenest to be rendered by a relative clause 
with when or while; and the perfect passive participle by the 
perfect active participle in English. These changes may be seen 
in the following example : — 

" At illi, intermisso spatio, impru- " But they, having paused a space 

dentibus nostris, atque occupatis in while our men were unaware and 

munitione castrorum, subito se ex busied in fortifying the camp, sud- 

silvis ejecerunt ; impetuque in eos denly threw themselves out of the 

facto, qui erant in statione pro cas- woods ; then making an attack upon 

tris collocati, acriter pugnaverunt ; those who were on guard in front 

duabusqtie missis subsidio cohortibus of the camp, fought fiercely ; and, 

a Caesare, cum hae (perexiguo in- though two cohorts had been sent to 

termisso loci spatio inter se) con- their relief by Caesar, after these 

stitissent, novo genere pugnae had taken their position ( leaving 

perterritis nostris, per medios auda- very little space of ground between 

cissime perruperunt, seque inde them), as our men were alarmed by 

incolumes receperunt." — Caesar, the strange kind of fighting, they 

B. G. v. 15. dashed most daringly through the 

midst of them, and got off safe." 
Examples. 

i. Caesar, confirmata re ab exploratoribus, omnem equi- 
tatum praemisit. 

2. Paucis a me 1 stantibus, non desperabo. 

1 on my side. 



122 Latin Method. 

3. Non te invito filium tuum Romam mittam. 

4. Pythagoras, Tarquinio Superbo rege, in Italiam venit. 

5. Latini exercitu a consulibus deleto pacem Romanos 
poposcerunt. 

6. Caesar castris munitis, vineas agere, quaeque ad oppug- 
nandum usui erant comparare coepit. 

7. Catilina necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis 
fecit. 

8. Lysias, filio e civitate pulso, multos annos Sardibus 
vixit. 

9. Cognito super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi, 
quod ipsa confecerat, virgo solvit crines. 2 

2 A sign of mourning. 
Write in Latin. 

i. After ending 1 the war with the Veneti, Caesar put 2 all 
the senate to death 2 [and] sold the rest [of the inhabitants] 
at-public-sale. 3 

2. We strive 4 in vain when nature opposes. 5 

3. The father, not-expecting 6 the arrival of his son, set-out 7 
for Rome. 

4. The Latins, having lost 8 [their] army, begged peace of 
the Romans. 

5. The Romans, when the city was taken by the Gauls, 
retreated 9 to the Capitol. 

1 co7iftci(P (abl. abs.). 2 neco 1 (abl. abs.). 3 sub coroiia. 

* contendo.* 5 repugno. 1 6 despero. 1 7 projiciscor? 

8 amitto? 9 se recipere^ 

45. Gerundive Constructions. 

§ 72, 5. with e (participial and adjective use) ; § 73, 

I, 2. (Gerund and Gerundive) ; 3. with a, b, c, d (the 

gerundive constructions). 

Note. — In this Gerundive use the form in dus is always 
to be rendered by an active form in English (usually by the 
participial noun in -ing, followed by the objective : see examples 
3, 4, 5) ; while in the Predicate use it is always passive (trans- 
lated ought, musty &c. ; see Lesson 21, 2./), 



Constructions of Syntax. 123 

Examples. 

i. Vitia senectutis diligentia compensanda sunt. 

2. Rem tibi omittendam esse censeo. 

3. Helvetii legatos pacis petendae causa miserunt. 

4. Vivis, et vivis non ad deponendam sed ad confirm- 
andam audaciam. 

5. Caesar pontem in Arari faciendum curavit. 

6. Praetor decemviros agro 1 Samniti metiendo dividendo- 
que creavit. 

7. Habenda ratio valetudinis ; utendum exercitationibus 
modicis ; tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut reficiantur 
vires non opprimantur. 

8. Principes civitatis tuorum consiliorum reprimendorum 
causa Roma profugerunt. 

9. Cretum leges laboribus erudiunt juventutem, venando, 
currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo, aestuando. 

10. Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda : vexillum 
proponendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi 
milites, acies instruenda, milites cohortandi, signum dandum. 
1 Dative. 

Write in Latin. 

i. The consul gives heed 1 to propitiating 2 the gods. 

2. All hope of taking the town was lost. 

3. Caesar perceives 3 that the war must be put-off 4 till 5 
summer. 

4. The consul gave Fabius one legion to lead into Spain. 

5. Conon provided-for 6 the repair 7 of the walls of Athens. 

6. A short time 8 of life is [long] enough to 9 live well and 
happily. 

7. By always obeying the magistrates, the youth won 10 
[themselves] good fame. 

8. The grass here is very convenient 11 for sleeping. 

9. You have lost much time in play. 12 

1 opera. 2 placo. x 3 ci7iimadverto? 4 differo. 6 ad. 

6 euro, 1 7 reftcio? 8 spathim 9 ad. iy adseguor. z 

11 commodus. Vi ludo? 



124 Latin Method. 



PART THIRD. 



ON READING LATIN. 

Note. — The following section, consisting chiefly of hints and 
directions to aid the learner in his subsequent reading, is not de- 
signed to be used as lessons for class instruction, but to be reserved 
for reference or occasional use, according to the teacher's judgment. 
Its chief advantage may perhaps be found at a later period of study 
than that covered by the Reading Lessons contained in this book. 

I. THE MEANING OF WORDS. 

In his reading, the learner should always be guided, not 
merely by the dictionary meaning of the words, but by the 
meaning of the Root, or Stem, and terminations, as explained 
by the laws of derivation and the groupings of families of 
words (see pages 42-45). To aid in this, the following illus- 
trations may be of service. 

1. Notice the meaning of the significant endings, 
and their force in the derivative words. 

As an example of analysis, take the word pabulatio. The ter- 
mination tio is seen to be a " verbal abstract ; " that is, to express, 
in a general or abstract way, the action of a verb. The long a 
points to a verb of the first conjugation, formed from an adjective 
or noun of the first or second declension. This leads us to the 
noun pabulum ; and the verb would signify doing something with 
that noun. In the list (p. 43), bulum is found as a termination 
of nouns of means : pabulum is the means of doing the action ex- 
pressed in the root pa. As roots are not given in our lexicons, we 
must learn to recognize them in the present stems of verbs (see 
Lesson 28). If the meaning of pascor is known, pabulum will 
appear to be a means of feeding; pabulor (deponent) is to obtain 
the means of feeding; and pabulatio, in the connection where we 
find it, can only mean foraging. 



The Meaning of Words. 125 

Even when the meaning of the root does not appear at all, the 
grouping of the derivations may still be very instructive. Thus, 
humus, ground; humilis, low (on the ground) ; homo (homin-), 
man (creature of earth) ; humanus,^^//^ as belonging to man in 
distinction from brutes ; humanitas, gentleness or refinement. 

The chief advantage, however, is in the knowledge of immediate 
and conscious derivatives. Thus, aedllicius can only mean belong- 
ing to an cedile, while aedilis itself must have something to do with 
public edifices (aedi-ficia) ; sermunculus must mean a little talk ; 
esurio, 4 desire to eat, hence to be hungry ; emax, eager to buy, 
and so on. Compare, for illustration, the following words from 
one root; medeor, me die us, medicma, medicinaiis, medicor, 
medicamentum, medicamentarius, medicabilis, medicamento- 
sus, meditor (frequentative, with an earlier meaning preserved). 
Notice the modes of formation in the foregoing words. 

Even if no advantage were gained in acquiring or retaining the 
meaning, yet the words become more interesting and lively, and the 
knowledge of them more intelligent and fruitful. Thus in redinte- 
gratio we have the prefix red-, back again (to its former state) ; the 
ending -tio (verbal abstract) ; the verb is integro (are), denomin- 
ative from integer, whole or sound (in, not; tag, root of tango, 
touch; ra, participial = tus or nus) : hence the meaning restora- 
tion (making uninjured again). 

In such derivatives as amputo, computo, the meanings seem 
absurdly inconsistent. But the verb is a denominative from the ad- 
jective putus, a collateral form of purus, clean. The correspond- 
ing verb (which would be *puo) is lost ; but its original sense 
appears in puto, to clean up (as by trimming off a diseased branch), 
and also to clear up (as an account), and so to reckon, then to think, 
which meanings are divided between the above compounds. 

2. Form words with the following meanings from 
their primitives, comparing the Vocabulary : — 

I. A reckoning (reor, 2 reckon) ; 2. An assembly (convenio, come 
together) ; 3. Arrangement (dispono, 3 distribute) ; 4. A change 
(muto, 1 alter)', 5. A joining (jungo 3 ) ; 6. A breaking (frango 3 ) ; 
7. Length (longus) ; 8. Breadth (latus) ; 9. Power of holding 
(capax from capio 3 , take) ; 10. Means of teaching (doceo 2 ) ; 11. 
Means of support (colo 3 ) ; 12. Mea?is of covering (tego 3 ) ; T3. 
Brightness (clarus) ; 14. Softness (mollis, soft); 15. Sweetness 



126 Latin Method. 

(suavis) ; 16. Means of trying (ex-perior) ; 17. A tray (for carry- 
ing: fero) ; 18. A piece broken (frango 3 ) ; 19. Means of feed ng 
(alo 3 ) ; 20. A bramble-thicket (dumus) ; 2 1 . A rose-garden (rosa) ; 
22. A dove-cote (columba) ; 23. Lamentable (fleo 2 ) ; 24. Made of 
flowers (flos) ; 25. Blooming (fl5reo 2 ) ; 26. Sickly (morbus) ; 27. 
Commerce (mercor 1 ) ; 28. A mingling (misceo 2 ) ; 29. Belonging to 
a soldier (miles) ; 30. To grow mild (xnitis) ; 31. A little 7neasure 
(modus) ; 32. A little pattern (forma) ; 33. A little man (homo) ; 
34. A little puppy (catulus) ; 35. A 7neans of defence (munio) ; 
36. Changeable (muto) ; 37. Teachable (doceo) ; 38. With a large 
nose (nasus) ; 39. With horns (cornu) ; 40. Bearded (barba) ; 
41. Belonging to a ship (navis) ; 42. Sinewy (nervus) ; 43. Snowy 
(nix) ; 44. A little eye (oculus) ; 45. Son of Priam (Priamus). 

3. Explain the following phrases from the meaning 
of the Root prefixed, with the significant ending : — 

1. cad, fall : cado, 8 accido, etc. 

1. Casus est, cum aliquid cecidit, it is an accident when 
something befalls. 

2. Calamitas accidit, a misfortune has happened. 

3. Caduca spes, a futile hope. 

4. Decidua sidera, falling stars. 

5. Sol is occasus, sunset. 

6. Ab oriente ad occidentem, yh?#z ea st to 7vest. 

7. Succidua flamma, a dying flame. 

8. Occasio pugnandi, an opportunity for fighting. 

9. Pestis in urbem incidit, a plague attacked the city. 
10. Post Trojae excidium, after the destruction of Troy. 

Compare the English words case, accident, deciduous, occasion, 
incidental, casualty. 

2. cap, take: capio, 3 incipio, etc. 

1. Litteras tuas accepi, I got your letter. 

2. Acceptus erat populo, he was a favorite of the people. 

3. Auceps multos passeres cepit, the fowler caught a good 
many sparrows. 

4. Captator aurae popularis, one who courts popular favor. 

5. Incidere in captionem, to be tricked. 



The Meaning of Words. 127 

6. Captura magna piscium, a great haul of fish. 

7. Populus vult decipi, the people like to be taken in. 

8. Inceptio operis, undertaking a task. 

9. Man ere incepto, to persevere in an undertaking, 

10. Multa pericula excepi, / have encountered many a peril. 

11. Frugum fructuumque perceptio, the gathering of crops 
and fruits. 

12. Receptui canere, to sound a retreat. 

English : captive, capture, accept, receive, perception, inci- 
pient, except. 

3. fac, make: facio, 3 efficio. 

1. Dominationem adfectat, he aims at dominion. 

2. Gaudium dolorque sunt affectus animi, joy and grief 
are affections of the mind. 

3. Captivum morte adfecit, he put the prisoner to death. 

4. Librorum conf ectio, the composing of books. 

5. Confector negotiorum, one who despatches business. 

6. Dolore confectus, exhausted with grief. 

7. Arma sanguine infecta, arms stained with blood. 

8. Re infecta, without siucess (the thing undone). 

9. Officia perficere, to fulfil one's duties. 

10. Homo officiosus, an obliging man. 

11. Facinus atrox hie fecit, this man has done a violent act. 

12. Res factu facilis, a thing easy to do. 

13. Per vim et f actionem, by party violence. 

14. Mature facto opus est, there is need of prompt action. 

15. Praefectus castrorum (or castris), a quartermaster. 

16. Pecunia multarum effectrix est voluptatum, money pro- 
cures many delights. 

17. Pontem reficere conantur, they try to repair the bridge. 

18. Filius patri suffectus, a son put in his father 's place. 

19. Sufficit hoc dicere, it is enough to say this. 

English : — fact, factious, effect, efficacious, refection, confec- 
tionery, perfect, sufficient, factitious, facility, difficult, officious, 
affectionate, benefit, satisfy. 



128 Latin Method. 

4. JAC, throw : jacio,* injicio (inicio). 

1. Abjectus animo, disheartened. 

2. Adjectio caloris, the application of heat. 

3. Oculum adjecit hereditati, he cast eyes on the inheritance. 

4. Conjectura judicare, to judge by guess (common sense). 

5. Conjectus aquae, a puddle of water. 

6. Conjicere verba, to bandy words. 

7. Omni spe dejectus, hopeless and downcast. 

8. Homo ejectus, a ruined (shipwrecked) man. 

9. Ferrati obices (objices), iron bolts. 

10. Objectus invidiae, exposed to jealousy. 

11. Projectus in antro, stretched out in a grotto. 

12. Arma projecerunt, they surrendered. 

13. Libertatem projecerat, he had renounced his freedom. 

14. Rejectio judicum, challenging of the jurymen. 

15. Rejicula vacca, a worthless cow. 

16. Equitatus rejectus est, the cavalry were driven back. 

English : — abject, conjecture, reject, projection, object, subject, 
dejected. 

5. tag, touch : tango, 3 contango. 

1. Haec causa te non attingit, this motive does not touch you. 

2 . Versibus rem attingere, to treat a subject in verse. 

3. Attactu nullo, with no contact (^£n. ii. 350). 

4. Contactu immundo, with unclean touch (id. iii. 227). 

5. Contagio sceleris, a sharing in guilt. 

6. Contagium morbi, contagion of sickness. 

7. Sanguine se contaminare, to stain one's self with blood. 

8. Turris contingit vallum, the tower reaches the palisade. 

9. Romae nutriri mihi contigit, I had the luck to be brought 
up at Rome. 

10. Exercitus integer intactusque, an army safe and sound. 

11. Homo tagax, a knavish fellow (Cic. Att. vi. 3). 

12. Simul ac tetigit provinciam, as soon as he reached the 
province. 

English : — tact, tangible, contact, contingency, integrity, con- 
tagion. 



The Latin Sentence. 129 

2. THE LATIN SENTENCE. 

It may now be taken for granted that the learner has 
become acquainted with the meaning of many words, and 
has learned to distinguish the case, person, tense, &c, by 
their inflections, so as to connect them readily in a simple 
sentence. He will have noticed that, while in English words 
almost always follow the order of Subject, Verb, and Object 
or Predicate, in Latin this order is very seldom found ; while 
Latin has an order of its own (see § 76 of the Grammar), 
though it is much less rigidly followed than in English. The 
chief difficulty he will now have to meet will be in the long 
and complicated sentences, which are much more common in 
Latin than in English. And, before he attempts these, a few 
points should be carefully observed. 

As early as possible, let him accustom himself to follow 
the thought and the words in their Latin order ; not to pick 
out the words here and there, to make a natural (English) 
order, as if the sentence were a puzzle, to be taken to pieces 
and put together again. Let him attend carefully to the 
ideas in the order in which they are expressed, with their 
relations as denoted by the inflections. After a very little 
practice — reading over the words several times, if necessary 
— the meaning will begin to appear through a kind of broken 
English, and a habit can soon be formed of reading in the 
Latin order almost as well as in our own.* 

The following special directions will now be of service : — 

1. Read the Latin carefully, noting familiar words, 
and single out the Nominative (if there is one) and 
the Verb. 

N. B. — All Latin words ending in t (exc. at,, sat, et, -met, tot; 
quot, ut, caput, or their compounds) are verbs in the third person ; 
all in nt are in the third person plural. 

* It will be noticed that English itself often deviates from the estab- 
lished order in its older forms or in poetry, without presenting any 
difficulty : as in the sentence, " Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, 
him declare I unto you. ,, 

9 



130 Latin Method. 

2. Notice the first word or words , as these will 
often hint the gist of the sentence. 

3. Note the person, number, and voice of the Verb, 
before deciding on the relations of the other words. 

4. Notice that Correlative expressions — as . . . 
as, not only . . . but also, &c. — immediately pre- 
cede the same words or phrases which they must 
precede in English. 

5. Translate by phrases and not by single words: 
taking an adjective with its noun, an adverb with its 
verb, and so on. 

N. B. — An adjective usually follows its noun: when it goes 
before, it is generally for emphasis, and so often gives a hint at 
the meaning of the sentence. 

So much for simple sentences. But Latin has the habit, 
more than most languages, of inserting Subordinate Clauses 
(§ 45, 5. b) in the body of the sentence. Such clauses are 
generally introduced by a Relative word or a Subordinate 
Conjunction (see the list in § 43, 1. b). These — which we 
may call subordinate connectives — suspend the sense, 
until the subordinate clause is finished ; and this, again, may 
be suspended in the same way. Thus a Latin period often 
becomes very long and involved. If it gets to be confusing, 
then a subordinate clause may be dropped entirely, to be 
taken up afterwards. But generally the following directions 
will serve : — 

6. The words at the beginning of a sentence or 
clause belong with the first finite verb.* But — 

7. Any clause, principal or subordinate, is sus- 
pended, when any subordinate connective appears 
between the first and last word of that clause. 

* A Finite Verb is one limited by personal endings; neither an 
Infinitive nor a Participle. 



The Latin Sentence. 131 

'8. In case such a connective appears, the rest of 
the main clause does not appear till the whole of the 
subordinate one is finished. 

9. An Interrogative word often serves as a con- 
nective, introducing an Indirect Question. 

10. A relative clause in Latin often comes before 
the principal or antecedent clause (see § 48, 3. £, 
with Rem.). 

Thus it will be seen that the next finite verb after any sub- 
ordinate comiective is the leading verb of that clause, unless the 
clause itself is suspended ; a and that the main verb of the sentence 
may be known by not being introduced by any such subordinate 
word. b Rarely a verb may be omitted \ but the sentence is 
then easily understood as elliptical (§ 45, 2. d). 

Take now the following example : — 

Atque ego, ut vidi quos maximo furore et scelere 
esse inflammatos sciebam, eos vobiscum esse et Romae 
remansisse, in eo omnes dies noctesque consumpsi, ut 
quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem ac viderem. 

Here the leading clause Atque ego (6) is suspended (7) by the 
relative clause ut vidi, which again is interrupted by the words 
quos . . . sciebam. The latter clause being now complete (8), the 
object of vidi is seen to be the infinitive clause eos . . . remansisse, 
the antecedent coming after the relative (10). The main clause 
is now resumed, its verb being evidently consumpsi, which is the 
predicate of ego. This again is followed by ut . . . viderem in 
apposition with eo, this clause being itself suspended by the in- 
direct questions quid . . . molirentur (9). 

Note. — In applying the rule for the suspension of clauses, it 
should be remembered that a relative clause is very rarely sus- 
pended except by relative pronouns. In the very common phrases, 
qui si, qui cum, quern quis, etc., it is necessary, according to the 
English idiom, to translate the relative by a deinonstrative word; 
as, qui cum advenisset, when he had arrived; cui quis credat? 
who can believe him f It may be added that the comparative con- 
junctions, tamquam, quasi, with nisi and some others, are often 
used without a verb. 



132 Latin Method. 

The learner is now advised to study carefully the sub- 
joined^ passages (which may be translated and explained to 
him by the teacher), comparing the various phrases and 
subordinate constructions with the foregoing notes. The 
figures in these passages refer to the above points. 

1. T. Labienus, 6 castris hostium potitus, 6 et ex loco 
superiore quae^ res in nostris castris gererentur con- 
spicatus, 6 decimam legionem subsidio nostris misit. 
Qui cum ex equitum et calonum fuga quo 9 in loco res 
esset, 8 quantoque? in periculo et castra et legiones et 
imperator versaretur* cognovissent, 8 nihil ad celeri- 
tatem sibi reliqui fecerunt/ — Cesar, Bell. Gall. ii. 26. 

2. Occidisse 2 patrem Sex. Roscius arguitur. Sce- 
lestum, di immortales, ac nefarium facinus ! atque 
ejus modi* quo uno maleficio scelera omnia complexa 
esse videantur. Etenim si 7 (id quod praeclare a 
sapientibus dicitur) vultu saepe laeditur pietas, 8 quod 6 
supplicium 6 satis acre reperietur 5 in eum qui mortem 
obtulerit parenti, pro quo mori ipsum, si 7 res postula- 
ret, jura divina atque humana cogebant? 8 In hoc 
tanto, tarn atroci, tarn singulari maleficio, quod ita 
raro exstitit ut, si quando auditum sit, portenti ac 
prodigii simile numeretur, 8 quibus tandem tu, C. 
Eruci, argumentis accusatorem censes uti oportere? 
— Cic. Rose. Amer. 13. 

3. Reliquum est ut de Q^ Catuli auctoritate et sen- 
tentia dicendum esse videatur. Qui 6 cum ex vobis 
quaereret, si in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si 
quid eo factum esset,f in quo spem essetis 9 habituri,J 
cepit^ magnum suae virtutis fructum ac dignitatis, cum 

* The phrase ejus modi, " of such a sort," is here equivalent to tale. 
f in case any thing should happen to him. 

% The clause from in quo is the object of quaereret, suspended by the 
two conditional clauses si . . . poneretis, si . . . esset. 



Reading at Sight. 133 

omnes una prope voce in eo ipso vos spem habitu- 
ros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res 
tanta sit ac tarn difficilis, quam ille non et consilio 
regere et integritate tueri et virtute conficere possit. 
Sed in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime dissentio, 
quod, quo 7 minus certa est hominum ac minus diu- 
turna vita, 8 hoc magis res publica, dum 7 per deos 
immortales licet, 8 frui debet summi viri vita atque 
virtute. — Cic. Manil. 20. 



3. READING AT SIGHT. 

The most valuable knowledge we can have of a foreign 
language, whether for the pleasure and advantage to be 
derived from it, or for the convenience of a practical 
acquaintance with its forms, can be had only by the habitual 
practice of reading at sight. In attempting this, the follow- 
ing directions will be of service : — 

1. Look first at the endings of words, so as to 
become instantly aware of their grammatical relations. 

2. Observe the significant endings, and always con- 
nect obvious derivatives with their primitives. 

3. Even where derivations are not obvious, group 
words in families, so as to associate their meanings. 

4. Associate the Latin words with English deriva- 
tives, however remote ; and with other languages, if 
you happen to know any. 

5 . Use any mechanical device or w thumb-rule " 
possible, as to the position of words, or their probable 
meanings in such and such connections. 

6. Commit to memory phrases, or (if possible) 
whole passages. 

7. Notice constantly such idioms, or modes of ex- 
pression, as are like or unlike our own. 



134 Latin Method. 

8. In translating aloud, always use the English 
idiom ; but take in the Latin first in its own idiom; if 
possible, without even thinking of the corresponding 
English words. 

9. In translating any word, always bear in mind its 
leading or -principal meaning. 

This is not always the etymological meaning, though it may be 
usually traced to that ; but it is the conscious meaning (as it were), 
the notion which the Roman himself attached to it. For example, 
the leading meaning of mitto seems to be let go, either with or 
without accompanying effort : and this meaning the Roman felt in 
it, though we may translate it by different expressions. Thus, 
mittere telum, to throw a weapon; mittere legatos, to send a7n- 
bassadors j mittere aliquam rem (often), to let a thing go, to omit 
ox pass over a thing; hence, mittere lacrimas, to cease weeping; 
mittere dicere, to forbear saying (see mitto in Lexicon). 

We may even say that this is more necessary in using a good 
dictionary than in using a poor one ; for a good one gives meanings 
which — being correct in the corresponding English phrase — give 
a very inaccurate reflection of the true meaning of the word. Thus, 
capere poenas means in English to inflict punishment; but to a 
Roman it meant to receive or exact the penalty for a wrong. So 
also with the relations of words. Caesar says that Orgetorix was re- 
quired to plead his cause ex vinculis, for which our translation must 
be in chains; though this is exactly the opposite of what Caesar says, 
viz. that, standing in chains, he should make his plea from the?n. 

A few short passages are here appended, in order to illustrate the 
foregoing points, and show how to go to work. 

I. Matrem* Phalaridis 3 scribit' Ponticus Heracli- 
des, doctus^ vir, auditor et disciplus Platonis, visam 
esse'videre in somnis^ simulacra^ deorum, quae h ipsa 
domi consecravisset ; * ex iis ^ Mercurium / e patera, m 
quam dextera manu teneret, sanguinem visum esse 
fundere," qui cum terram attigisset," refervescere^ 
videretur, sic ut tota domus sanguine redundaret.? 
Quod matris somnium r immanis* filii crudelitas com- 
probavit. — De Divinatione, i. 23. 



Reading at Sight. 135 

a. Notice that the first word is an accusative, matrem. This 
must probably be either the object of a verb, or the subject oi 
an infinitive : it can remain in suspense till the verb appears. Its 
meaning, mother, naturally suggests a genitive : This we find in 

b. Phalaridis, which has the genitive ending of the third declen- 
sion ; its nominative must be Phalaris, obviously a proper name. 
We may learn elsewhere that it is that of a Sicilian tyrant. 

c. The verb scribit, writes, from its meaning naturally suggests 
an object-clause, accusative with infinitive. Such clauses are often 
best rendered by direct discourse in English. Thus we may trans- 
late as if matrem were nominative : the mother of Phalaris, writes 
Pontius Heraclides (obviously a proper name, and subject of 
scribit) . 

d. The next words, being nominative, are probably in apposition 
with the name : doctus (participle of doceo) is taught, but as an 
adjective must be learned; auditor (noun of agency from audio*) is 
hearer ; discipulus (connected with disco) is clearly the same as 
our disciple; Platonis (as Phalaridis, above) explains itself. 

e. As we have been expecting an infinitive for an object- clause, 
visam esse (having its participle in the feminine) is the natural 
verb for matrem ; and as we have learned that the passive of video 
means seem, we may translate (in direct discourse, as above) with 
videre, seemed to see. 

f In the phrase in somnis, the noun is probably ablative, since 
the connection requires in rather than into; and comes from som- 
nus, or -a, or -um. Some English derivative will probably suggest 
the meaning sleep ; and the plural form, though odd, will give no 
trouble. 

g. The next is a new word, but may be analyzed. The ter- 
mination -crum, denoting ?neans, is appended to a verb-stem Simu- 
la- : hence the verb is simulo, are, suggesting the English verb 
simulate or perhaps the adjective similar. Its meaning will be 
something to represent ; and we may render the phrase simulacra 
deorum, images of the gods. 

h. The relative quae naturally refers to a noun just preceding : 
this cannot be deorum, which is masculine, and must be simulacra ; 
ipsa might agree with quae, but will be more easily taken with the 
verb next following. 

i. This verb, consecravisset, at once suggests the English 
consecrate. It is evidently a compound with con ; and if we 
remember the common change of vowel in compound verbs, arid 
connect its meaning with sacer, sacred (already given), this mean- 



136 Latin Method. 

ing will be confirmed. The subjunctive form (see above, 37) does 
not affect the translation, which is by the simple indicative, because 
our idiom does not require any other mood. 

k. The ablative iis will refer to the last or most important plural 
noun, either deorum or simulacra, it will not matter which. The 
phrase may be rendered one of these. 

I. Mercurium may be assumed to continue the same construc- 
tion as matrem, and will take the infinitive visum esse, below. 

m. Patera may be left as not important for the meaning of the 
whole: we may, for the present, call it "something" which he held 
in his right hand (the relative clause here explaining itself): in 
fact, a shallow bowl. 

n. The infinitive fundere must be guessed at from the context 
or given by the teacher, unless its meaning is known, to pour. 

o. The verb attigisset, as a glance shows, contains the root tag 
fourid in tango, touch; the subjunctive is required by cum, and 
does not affect the translation ; its subject is qui, referring to the 
masculine sanguinem. But as two relatives cannot come together 
in English, we translate, and when this had touched the ground. 

p. The verb refervescere should be seen to be derivative, and 
compounded from ferveo, which associates it with fervent, fervid; 
and its meaning, to boil up, is seen from our word effervesceftt. 

q. The meaning of redundaret (overflowed} may perhaps 
require to be given, though a tolerably close idea may be gained by 
conjecture. Following ut, it is subjunctive expressing a result. 

r. The phrase quod somnium may be either nominative or 
accusative ; but, as the verb is directly preceded by the nominative 
crudelitas, these words must be accusative, and the object of 
comprobavit. The meaning of somnium (dream), if not known, 
may be easily inferred from somnus, above. 

s. The adjective immaiais may be either genitive with filii or 
nominative with crudelitas: consider which needs an epithet. Its 
meaning (monstrous) will require to be given, as also that of com- 
probavit (proved), which should, however, be explained through 
the adjective probus, and kindred English words. 

The above analysis is given in much greater detail than will 
often be required in practice. When the habit has once been 
formed, it is followed rapidly and almost unconsciously; in fact, it 
is impossible, when once the mind has been trained to it, to read a 
single sentence without deriving help from it. In succeeding pas- 
sages, only a few hints will be given. 



Reading at Sight. 137 

2. Hoc item in Sileni Graeca historia est: Hanni- 
balem, cum cepisset Saguntum, visum esse in somnis 
a Jove in deorum concilium vocari ; quo cum venisset, 
Jovem imperavisse ut Italiae bellum inferret ; ducem- 
que ei unum e concilio datum, quo ilium utentem cum 
exercitu progredi coepisse. Turn ei ducem ilium prae- 
cepisse ne respiceret; ilium autem id diutius facere 
non potuisse, elatumque cupiditate respexisse. Turn 
visam beluam vastam et immanem, circumplicatam 
serpentibus, quacumque incederet omnia arbusta, vir- 
gulta, tesca pervertere; et eum admiratum quaesisse 
de deo, quodnam illud esset tale monstrum. Et deum 
respondisse Vastitatem esse Italiae, praecepisseque ut 
pergeret protinus : quid retro atque a tergo fieret ne 
laboraret. — id. i. 24. 

This passage may be somewhat harder than the foregoing, but a 
little attention will show that it is in the same general construc- 
tion, — " Hannibalem . . . visum esse" like "matrem . . . visam 
esse," — and that it contains several of the words and phrases 
already explained. It will greatly simplify the rendering of a pas- 
sage like this, to drop the form of indirect discourse, beginning with 
the leading subject : Hannibal, having taken Saguntum, seemed in 
his sleep to be summoned, &*c. : all the infinitives being translated 
by indicatives, and the subjunctive laboraret as an infinitive, not to 
trouble himself, A number of words must of course be suggested. 

3. L. Paulus, consul iterum, cum ei bellum a ut cum 
rege Perse gereret obtigisset, ut 3 ea ipsa die domum 
ad vesperum rediit/ filiolam^ suam Tertiam, quae turn 
erat admodum parva, osculans animum advertit c tris- 
ticulam. 'Quid est,' inquit, f mea Tertia? quid tristis 
es?' f Mi pater,' inquit, ? Persa periit.' Turn ille ar- 
tius puellam complexus, ' Accipio,' inquit, f mea filia, 
omen.' Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. — 
id. i. 46. 

a. In this passage, — as we find it hard, with our habit of speech, 
to carry so many words in the mind undisposed of, — it may be 



138 Latin Method. 

necessary after bellum to look for the verb to which it belongs. As 
ut is a relative word, the nearest verb will belong to that; so that 
we must take the next following, obtigisset, the meaning of which 
must be given (in connection with the root tag); the object of 
gereret must be supplied from bellum ; and it will read, when the 
war had fallen to his lot to wage with ki?ig Perses. This is not 
a good translation ; but, having seen the Latin idea in this way, 
you can easily find a corresponding English expression : // had 
fallen, &r>c. 

b. To translate ut, notice at once the mood of its verb; because 
the two uses of ut have meanings very far apart in English, though 
the Romans did not probably feel the difference. As the verb is 
here indicative, ut means as or when : rediit (red, back; eo, go) 
signifies returned. 

c. The word f iliolam, diminutive of f Ilia, explains itself; while 
animum advertit, turned his mind, is to be rendered as a single 
transitive verb, observed; and its subject is L. Paulus. 

4. Scipio Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, 
eique ab ostio quaerenti* Ennium ancilla dixisset domi 
non esse \* Nasica sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse et 
ilium intus esse. Paucis post diebus, cum ad Nasicam 
venisset Ennius, et cum a janua quaereret, exclamat 
Nasica, se domi non esse. Turn Ennius, * Quid,' in- 
quit, * ego non cognosco vocem tuam?' Hie Nasica, 
* Homo es impudens ; ego cum quaererem, ancillae 
tuae credidi, te' domi non esse; tu mihi non credis 
ipsi.' 

a. To him inquiring, &>c. can only mean when he inquired for 
Ennius. 

b. The subject of the infinitive rs here wanting, a rare usage in 
Latin ; but it is obviously Ennius^ to be supplied from the 
preceding. 

c. The clause te domi non esse is evidently a secondary object 
of credidi; but, as believe does not take two objects in English, 
some word like saying must be supplied. 



Reading Lessons. 139 



PART FOURTH. 



READING LESSONS. 

Note. — The small figures in the following Lessons refer to the 
Brief Rules of Syntax, pp. 162, 163. 

I. Fables. 

1. The Wolf and the Goat 

Lupus capram 21 conspicatus est, quae in rupe pascebatur. 
Cum ad earn accedere non posset, 44 praedicabat apud se 
mollia prata ac varias herbas esse, 39 et earn hortabatur ut de 
rupe descenderet. Ei autem capra respondit : " Mi amice, 
non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi 12 indiges ! " 

2. The Fox and the Grapes. 

Vulpes, extrema fame 26 coacta, uvam adpetebat, quae ex alta 
vite dependebat; sed summis viribus saliens earn attingere 28 
non poterat. Tandem discessit, et, " Nondum matura est," 
inquit ; " nolo acerbam sumere." — Sic saepe homines, quae 
facere non possunt, verbis elevant. 

3. The Farmer and his Dog. 

Rusticus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in 
cunis jacebat, reliquit cani 17 fideli atque valido custodiendum. 
Adrepsit anguis immanis, qui puerulum exstincturus erat. Sed 
custos fidelis corripit eum dentibus 19 acutis, et, dum eum 
necare studet, cunas simul evertit super exstinctum anguem. 
Paulo 83 post ex arvo rediit agricola ; cum cunas eversas 
cruentumque canis rictum videret, ira accenditur. Temere 
igitur custodem filioli interficit ligone, quern manibus tenebat. 
Sed ubi cunas restituit, super anguem occisum reperit pue- 
rum vivum et incolumem. — Paenitentia facinoris temere 
patrati turn sera fuit. 



140 Latin Method. 

4. The Farmer and his Sons. 

Inter filios rustici cujusdam grave discidium ortum erat. 
Diu frustra operam impenderat pater, hortans ut pacem atque 
concordiam colerent. 44 Tandem filiis 14 "Virgulas," inquit, 
"mihi adferte decern, et considite." Turn omnes virgulas in 
unum fasciculum conligavit, eumque constrictum singulis filiis 
obtulit, hortans ut frangerent. Illi autem, quamquam vim 
omnem adhibebant, frustra laborarunt, nee quicquam profe- 
cerunt. Turn pater nodum discidit, et illis singulas virgulas 
dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto, 85 rusticus 
filios ita adlocutus est : " Haec res vobis exemplo 20 sit. Tuti 
eritis ab inimicorum injuriis, quamdiu Concordes eritis ; at 
simul ac facta erit dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in 
vos inrumpent." 

5. The Boy that cried " Wolf: 1 

Puer in prato oves pascebat, atque per jocum clamitabat, 
ut sibi auxilium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus. 
Agricolae undique succurrebant, neque lupum inveniebant. 
Ita ter quaterque se elusos a puero viderunt. Deinde cum 
ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer re vera imploraret auxilium, 
nemo gregi 18 subvenit, et oves lupi praeda sunt factae. — Men- 
daci homini non credimus, etiam cum vera dicit. 

6. The Fox and Crow. 
Corvus, cum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam 
consedit. Quo conspecto, 35 vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit, 
eumque callidis verbis adoritur : " O corve," inquit, " quam 
pulcra es avis, quam speciose ! Te decebat esse avium 
regem. Sane omnes aves regiis virtutibus antecederes, 46 si 
vocem haberes." 46 His laudibus corvus inflatus, ne mutus ha- 
beretur, 44 clamorem edidit ; sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem 
amisit ; earn vulpes statim rapuit, atque inridens, " Heus," in- 
quit, " corve ! Nihil tibi 17 deest praeter mentem." 

7. The trained Monkeys. 
Simiae purpuratae instituebantur ad saltationem. Cujus 12 
cum peritae viderentur esse, productae sunt in scenam. Cum 



Reading Lessons. 141 

autem saltarent, objecit quidam nuces ; quibus visis, omnibus 
rebus posthabitis et neglectis, 35 ad nuces discurrerunt, et de 
eis inter se luctari atque depugnare coeperunt. 

8. The Ant and the Dove. 

Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae earn 
abripuerunt, nee multum aberat, quin misere periret. 44 Cum 
autem columba sortem ejus videret, misericordia tacta ra- 
mulum in aquam injecit. Hunc adsecuta est formica, in eoque 
natans effugit mortem. Paulo 33 post venator, arcu instructus, 
illuc venit, columbamque telo 26 suo transfixurus fuit. Peri- 
culum sentit formica ; et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, ac- 
currit, atque venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus 
ille telum non recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. — 
Juva et juvabere ; raro beneficium perit. 

9. The Lion and his Troops. 

Leo bellum meditans lustrat aciem suam in ordines divisam. 
Cum ursus etiam asinum et leporem inter milites videret, 
hiante ore ridens : "Piger hie asinus," inquit, "galeam et 
gladium gerat 43 ? belli artes discat? Molae 15 aptior est 
quam castris. Ecquid autem flrmus stabit lepus ? proeliabi- 
tur?" " Erras, urse," inquit leo ; "asinus portabit onera, 
machinas, saxa ; et, ubi opus erit, eum tubicinem faciam, qui 
suo rugitu commilitones in pugnam debit; lepus autem ob 
pedum pernicitatem celeris tabellarii officio 31 fungetur." 

10. The Nightingale and Cuckoo. 
Luscinia verno quodam die 34 dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri 
aliquot haud procul aberant in valle ludentes. Ii, cum lusui 14 
essent intend, lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Paulo post 
cuculus coepit cuculare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto, 35 ei 
adclamant, vocemque 21 cuculi identidem imitantur. " Audisne, 
luscinia,'' inquit cuculus, " quanto plausu me isti excipiant, 45 et 
quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? " Luscinia, quae cum eo 
altercari nolebat, nihil impediebat quominus ille suam vocem 
admiraretur. 44 Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento 
gradu 26 praeterit. Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes 



142 Latin Method. 

captans. At puella pastorem adlocuta: "Male sit," 43 inquit, 
huic cuculo, 14 qui cantui 17 tuo odiosam vocem intermiscet." 

Quo audito, 35 cum cuculus, in pudorem conjectus, conti- 
cuisset, luscinia tarn suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam 
superare velle videretur. 44 Pastor, fistula deposita: "Con- 
sidamus, ,, 43 inquit, " hoc loco sub arbore, et lusciniam audia- 
mus ! " Turn pastor et puella can turn lusciniae certatim lau- 
dare coeperunt, et diu taciti intends auribus 35 sedent. Ad 
postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam 
lacrimae erumperent. Turn luscinia ad cuculum conversa: 
"Videsne," inquit, "quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus 
prudentiorum judicia distent? 45 Una sane ex istis lacrimis, 
quanquam muta est, locupletior tamen est artis meae testis 
quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quern tantopere jacta- 
bas." — Fabula docet magnorum artificum opera 39 non vulgi 
opinione, sed prudentiorum existimatione esse 39 censenda. 

II. Dialogues. 
1. Study and Play. 

Carolus. Veni, mi Ludovice ! 

Ernestus. Quo tandem ? 

C. In hortum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus 43 
quoque ! 

E. Ego pensum meum ante absolvam. 

C. Nondumne absolvisti ? 

E. Nondum omnia. Tune jam omnia didicisti et scrip- 
sisti, quae praeceptor nos discere 38 et scribere jussit ? 

C. Non omnia. 

E. Ergo nondum licet ludere. 38 

C. Cur non liceat? 43 Reliqua discam et scribam post 
ludum. 

E. Sed praestat primum discere, deinde ludere. 38 

C. Quam morosum sodalem habeo ! 

E. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt. 

C. Ergo una ediscamus ! Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. 
Deinde cum omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. 

E. Placet ; nam peracti labores jucundi sunt. 



Reading Lessons. 143 

2. Early Rising. 

Fredericus Heus, heus, Carole ! Expergiscere ! Tempus 
est surgere. Audisne ? 

C. Non audio. 

F. Ubi ergo habes aures ? 

C. In lecto. 

F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? 

C. Quid faciam ? Dormio. 

F. Dormis ? et loqueris tamen mecum ? 

C. Saltern volo dormire. 

F Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, 41 sed surgendi. 

C. Quota est hora ? 

F. Septima. 

C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ? 

F. Jam ante duas horas. 

C. Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt ? 

F Jam pridem. 

C. Sed frater meus certe adhuc jacet in lecto ? 

F. Erras. Cum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit 
nidum suum. 

C. Mox igitur surgam. 

3. An Afternoon Walk. 

Fredericus. Age, mi frater, ambulemus ; 43 tempestas serena 
est. 

Augustus. Placet ; sed ubi ambulabimus ? In pratisne ? 

F Minime ; prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae 
sunt. Placetne adscendere in montem, quem e fenestra pro- 
spicimus ? 

A. Placet ; jam pridem enim in monte non fuimus. 

F. Hiems nos prohibuit ; hieme 34 enim mons glacie et nive 
tectus erat. Quid stas autem? 

A. Duae viae ducunt ad montem: altera recta, altera 
flexuosa. Utram eligamus ? ^ 

F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. 
Descendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. 
Vesperi enim sol minus fervet. 

A. Proinde eamus ! 



144 Latin Method. 

4. Sport. 

Paullus. Trahit sua quemque voluptas ; mihi 16 placet 
venatio. 

Thomas. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, 
ubi casses ? *£—- *^ 

P. Valeant apri, ursi, cervi, vulpes ! nos insidiabimur 
cuniculis. 18 

Vicentius. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis. 18 

Laurentius. Ego ran as captabo. 

Bartholus. Ego papiliones venabor. 

Z. Difficile est sectari 38 volantia. 

B. Difficile, sed pulcrum, nisi pulcrius esse ducis sectari 
lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis. 28 

Z. Equidem malo insidiari piscibus ; est mihi 17 hamus 
elegans. 

B. Sed unde parabis escam ? 

Z. Lumbricorum ubivis magna est copia. 

B. Est, si tibi velint prorepere e terra. 

Z. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosiliant. 

B. Quo pacto ? incantamentis ? 26 

Z. Videbis artem. Imple hanc situlam aqua. 28 Hos jug- 
landium summos cortices virentes confractos immittito. Hac 
aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paulisper. Vides 
emergentes ? 

B. Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olim, opinor, exsiliebant 
armati viri ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique pisces 
delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati, 9 quam ut esca tarn 
vulgari capiantur. 

Z. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari 
soleo. 

B. Tu vide, possisne 45 imponere piscibus ; ego ranis 14 
facessam negotium. 

Z. Quomodo ? reti ? 26 

B. Non ; sed arcu. 

Z. Novum piscandi genus. 

B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere. 
V. Quid, si certemus 46 nucibus ? 



Reading Lessons. 145 

P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos grandiores sumus. 

V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc quam pueri sumus. 

P. Sed quibus 16 decorum est ludere nucibus, eisdem non 
indecorum est equitare 38 in arundine longa. 

V. Tu igitur praescribito lusus genus ; sequar, quocumque 
vocaveris. 

P. Et ego futurus sum omnium horarum homo. 

5. A Less 071 in Manners. 

Paedagogus. Tu mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in 
caula ; adeo moribus 26 es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum de- 
cent ingenui mores. Quoties adloquitur te quispiam, cui de- 
bes honorem, compone te in rectum corporis statum, aperi 
caput. Vultus sit 43 nee tristis nee torvus nee impudens nee 
protervus nee instabilis, sed hilari modestia temperatus ; oculi 
verecundi, semper intenti in eum quocum loqueris ; juncti 
pedes, quietae manus. Neve vacillato alternis tibiis, neve 
mantis agant gestus, neve mordeto labrum, neve scabito caput, 
neve fodito aures. Vestis item ad decorum componatur, ut 
totus cultus, vultus, gestus, habitus corporis ingenuam mo- 
destiam et verecundam indolem prae se ferat. 44 

Puer. Quid, si mediter ? 46 

Pae. Fac. 

Pu. Sicine satis? 

Pae. Nondum. 

Pu. Quid, si sic? 

Pae. Propemodum. 

Pu. Quid si sic ? 

Pae. Hem satis est ; hoc tene, ne sis 43 inepte loquax aut 
praeceps. Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, 
quid alter dicat. Si quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis 
ac prudenter, interdum praefatus honorem, nonnunquam 
etiam addito cognomine 85 honoris gratia ; atque identidem 
modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi responsum ab- 
solveris. Neve abito, nisi praefatus veniam aut ab ipso 
dimissus. Nunc age : specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis 

praebe ! 

10 



i/j.6 Latin Method. 

Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? 

Pu. Jam sex ferme menses. 23 

Pae. Addendum erat, domine. 

Pu. Jam sex ferme menses, domine. 

Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? 

Pu. Nonnunquam sane. 

Pae. Cupisne earn revisere ? 38 

Pu. Cupio, domine, si id pace liceat 46 tua. 

Pae. Nunc flectendum erat genu. Bene se habet. Sic 
pergito ! Cum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites 44 sermonem aut 
haesites lingua aut palato murmures, sed distincte, clare, arti- 
culatim consuescito proferre verba tua. Si quern praeteribis 
natu grandem, magistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem aut omnino 
virum gravem, memento aperire caput. In convivio sic te 
praebebis hilarem, ut semper memineris, quid deceat 45 aetatem 
tuam; postremus omnium admoveto manum patinae. 18 Si 
quid dabitur lautius, recusato modeste ; si instabitur, accipe 
et age gratias ; mox, decerpta particula, 35 quod reliquum est, 
illi qui tibi obtulit reddito, aut alicui proxime adcumbenti. 
Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi bene precator, sed ipse bibito 
modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto calicem labris. Adride 
loquentibus ; ipse cave, ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus. Ne 
cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne 
aliena despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae 
sodales. Ita fiet, ut sine invidia laudem invenias et amicos 
pares. Si vlderis convivium extrahi, precatus veniam ac 
salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. Vide, ut horum 
memineris. 

Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Numquid aliud vis ? 

Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos. 

Pu. Fiet. 

IV. Anecdotes. 

i. Themistocles. 

Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum 
capere non posset f quaerentibusque respondebat Militadis 
tropaeis se e somno suseitari. 88 



Reading Lessons. 147 

2. Socrates. 

Socrates, cum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic- 
cae filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, 47 nonne beatum 
putaret : 85 Haud scio, inquit ; ?iunqnam enim cum eo conlocutus 
sum. — Ain tu ? aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo modo. — 
Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes dicere, 
beatusne sit ? — An ego possim* 3 cum ignorem quam sit* 5 doc/us, 
quam vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam put as ? 
— Ita prorsus existimo : bonos beatos ; improbos miseros. — 
Miser ergo Archelaus ? — Certe, si i?ijustus. 

3. Spartan Broth. 

Lacedaemone cum tyrannus cenavisset Dionysius, nega- 
vit se jure illo nigro, quod cenae caput erat, delectatum. 
Turn is, qui ilia coxerat : Minime mirum ; condimenta e?iim 
defuerunt Quae tandem ? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, 
cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis ; his etiim rebus Lacedaemo7iio- 
rum epulae condiuntur, 

4. Respect to Age. 

Cum Athenis ludis quidam in theatrum grandis natu ve- 
nisset, in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est 
datus. Cum autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui le- 
gati cum essent, certo in loco consederant, consurrexerunt 
omnes et senem ilium sessum 42 receperunt. Quibus cum a 
cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex datus, dixit ex eis 
quidam : Athenienses sciunt, quae recta sunt ; sedfacere nolunt. 

5. Fabius. 

Cum, Tarento amisso, 85 arcem tamen Livius Salinator reti- 
nuisset, multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, cum ali- 
quot post annos Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque 
eum Salinator, ut meminisset opera sua 26 se Tarentum rece- 
pisse : Quidni, inquit, meminerim ? 48 nunquam enim recepissem^ 
nisi tu perdidisses. 

6. Nasica and Ennius. 

Nasica cum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio 
quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse ; Nasica 



148 Latin Method. 

sensit illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Paucis 
post diebus, cum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius et eum a janua 
quaereret, exclamat Nasica se domi non esse. Turn Ennius : 
" Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem," inquit, " tuam ? " Hie 
Nasica : Homo (inquit) es impudens. Ego cum te quaererem, 
ancillae tuae 16 credidi te domi non esse ; tu mihi non credis 
ipsil 

IV. The Kings of Rome. 

1. Romanum imperium a Romulo exordium habet, qui, 
Rheae Silviae, Vestalis virginis, et Martis filius, cum Remo, 
fratre gemino, urbem condidit, quam ex nomine suo Romam 
vocavit (753 a. Chr.). Asylo aperto ad numerum civium au- 
gendum, ingens hominum multitudo ex finitimis civitatibus 
Romam 86 confluxit. At viri non habebant feminas. Itaque 
Romulus ludos sollennes instituit, invitavitque ad eorum spec- 
taculum vicinas urbis Romae nationes. Cum alii multi con- 
venerunt, turn Sabinorum omnis multitudo cum liberis et 
conjugibus. Dum ludi eduntur, extemplo Romani discur- 
runt, magnamque virginum partem rapiunt. 

2. Propter raptarum mulierum injuriam Sabini Romanis 18 
bellum intulerunt. Res venit ad pugnam. Utrimque acerrime 
decertatur. In media acie repente raptae mulieres crinibus 
passis scissaque veste ausae sunt se inter tela volantia inferre, 
et precibus infestas acies dirimere. Rebus compositis, Romu- 
lus centum ex senioribus legit, quorum consilio omnia ageret, 
quos senatores nominavit propter senectutem. Anno 84 regni 
tricesimo septimo, cum orta subito tempestate non compar- 
uisset, ad deos transisse creditus est (716). 

3. Postea Numa Pompilius, Curibus, in urbe agri Sabi- 
norum, natus, rex creatus est (715 — 763). Qui bellum quidem 
nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati quam Romulus profuit. 
Nam legibus moribusque et sacris plurimis constitutis 85 populi 
barbari et bellicosi mores mollivit. Etiam annum descripsit 
in decern menses. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae 
Egeriae jussu facere dictitabat. Regnavit tres et quadraginta 
annos. 23 — Huic 18 successit Tullus Hostilius (673 — 460). 



Reading Lessons. 



\b 



I 49 



Is bella reparavit. Bellum Albanis inlatum certamine trigemi- 
norum fratrum, qui forte in utroque exercitu erant nee aetate 
nee viribus dispares, finitum est. Deinde etiam Veientes et 
Fidenates bello superavit. Cum xxx annos regnasset, ful- 
mine ictus cum domo sua arsit. 

4. Post eum Ancus Martius, Numae ex filia nepos, sus- 
cepit imperium (640 — 616). Contra Latinos dimicavit, apud 
ostium Tiberis urbem condidit, quam Ostiam vocavit. Vice- 
simo quarto anno imperii morbo periit — Deinde regnum 
Tarquinius Priscus accepit (616 — 578). Is numerum se- 
natorum duplicavit ; Circum Romae aedificavit ; ludos Ro- 
manos instituit. Vicit idem etiam Sabinos, nee parum agrorum, 
eis ademptorum, urbis Romae territorio adjunxit. Muros fecit 
et cloacas ; Capitolium inchoavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii 
anno per Anci filios occisus est, regis 1 ejus, cui ipse succes- 
serat. — Post eum Servius Tullius suscepit imperium 
(578 — 534). Primus omnium 10 censum ordinavit. Sub eo 
Roma habuit capitum lxxxiii milia civium, cum eis qui in 
agris erant. Occisus est xlv imperii anno scelere generi 
sui Tarquinii, filii 1 ejus regis cui 18 ipse successerat, et filiae, 9 
quam Tarquinius habebat uxorem. 

5. Hie Tarquinius, qui propter superbiam Superbi cogno- 
men accepit, septimus fuit atque ultimus regum 10 (534 — 509). 
Multas gentes devicit ; templum Jovi 14 in Capitolio aedificavit. 
Postea Ardeam, urbem Etruriae, oppugnans imperium per- 
didit. Nam cum filius ejus nobilissimae feminae, Lucretiae, 14 
eidemque pudicissimae, vim fecisset, ea, de injuria marito 19 et 
patri et amicis questa, in omnium conspectu se occidit, post- 
quam eos obtestata est, ut earn injuriam ulciscerentur. 44 
Propter quam causam Marcus Brutus, Tarquinius Collatinus 
aliique in exitium regis conjuraverunt, et, populo concitato, 
ei 19 imperium ademerunt. Cum uxore et liberis suis fugit, 
cum xxv annos regnasset. Ita Romae 36 regnatum est per 
septem reges annos 23 ccxliv. 

6. Hinc consules coepti sunt pro uno rege duo hac causa 
creari, ut, si unus malus esse voluisset, alter eum, habens 
eandem potestatem, coerceret. Et placuit, ut ne imperium 
longius quam annum haberent, ne per diuturnitatem potes- 



150 Latin Method. 

tatis insolentiores fierent, sed aequitatem semper servarent, 
qui se post annum scirent 47 futuros esse privates. Fuerunt 
igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, consules L. Junius Brutus, 
qui maxime egerat ut Tarquinius pelleretur, et Tarquinius 
Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Tarquinio Collatino 19 
statim sublata dignitas est. Placuerat enim, ne quisquam 
in urbe maneret, qui Tarquinius vocaretur. 47 In ejus locum 
factus est Valerius Publicola consul. 

7. Commovit tamen bellum urbi 14 Romae rex Tarquinius, 
qui erat expulsus, et, collectis multis gentibus, ut in regnum 
posset restitui, dimicavit. In prima pugna Brutus consul et 
Ancus, Tarquinii filius, alter alterum occiderunt. Romani 
tamen ex ea pugna victores discesserunt. Brutum Romanae 
matron ae, defensorem pudicitiae suae, quasi communem pa- 
ttern, per annum luxerunt Valerius Publicola Spurium 
Lucretium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit : quo 35 
morbo 26 mortuo, iterum Horatium Pulvillum collegam sibi 
sumpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 

8. Etiam secundo anno iterum Tarquinius, ut reciperetur 
in regnum, bellum Romanis 18 intulit, auxilium ei ferente Por- 
sena, Etruscorum rege. 1 Is, ne Tiberim transiret, virtute 
Horatii Coclitis prohibitus est, qui, dum alii pontem rescin- 
dunt, unus Etruscos sustinuit, et, ponte rupto, armatus se in 
flumen misit, et ad suos transnavit Cum Porsena urbem 
obsideret, Gaius Mucius Scaevola, adulescens nobilis, in castra 
hostium se contulit, ut Porsenam regem occideret. At pro 
rege scribam obtruncat, qui propter eum sedebat pari fere 
ornatu indutus. 2 Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus ante 
tribunal regis constitutus est. Qui 7 cum tormenta minitare- 
tur, Mucius dextra accenso ad sacrificium foculo injecta : 
" En tibi," inquit, " quam vile corpus sit 45 eis qui magnam 
gloriam vident!" Qua animi virtute perculsus rex juvenem 
intactum inviolatumque dimisit. Turn Mucius, quasi remune- 
rans beneficium, trecentos principes juventutis Romanae in 
ejus vitam conjurasse ait. Qua re territus Porsena pacem 
fecit. Tarquinius autem Tusculum 36 abiit, ibique cum Ro- 
manis privatus cum uxore consenuit. 



Reading Lessons. 151 

V. The War with Porsena. — Livy. 
1. Horatius holds the Bridge. 

1. Jam Tarquinii ad Lartem Porsenam, Clusinum regem, 
perfugerant. Porsena Romam 36 infesto exercitu venit. Non 
unquam alias ante tantus terror senatum invasit : adeo valida 
res turn Clusina 8 erat, magnumque Porsenae nomen. Nee 
hostes 21 modo timebant, sed suosmet ipsi cives, ne Romana 
plebs, metu perculsa, receptis in urbem regibus, vel cum ser- 
vitute pacem acciperet. Multa igitur blandimenta plebi per 
id tempus ab senatu data. Haec indulgentia Patrum adeo 
concordem civitatem tenuit, ut regium 3 nomen 21 non summi 
magis, quam infimi, horrerent; nee quisquam unus malis 
artibus postea tarn popularis esset, quam turn bene imperan- 
do 41 universus senatus fuit. 

2. Cum hostes adessent, 44 pro se quisque in urbem ex 
agris demigrant : 6 urbem ipsam sepiunt praesidiis. Alia muris, 
alia Tiberi objecto videbantur tuta. Pons sublicius iter paene 
hostibus dedit : ni unus vir fuisset, 46 Horatius Cocles : qui, 
positus forte in statione pontis, cum captum repentino im- 
petu Janiculum, atque inde citatos decurrere 39 hostes vidis- 
set, trepidamque turbam suorum arma ordinesque relinquere, 
reprehensans singulos, obsistens, obtestansque deum 9 et ho- 
minum fidem, testabatur : nequicquam deserto praesidio eos 
fugere. Si transitum pontem a tergo reliquissent, jam plus 
hostium in Palatio Capitolioque, quam in yaniculo, fore. Ita- 
que monere, praedicere, ut pontem ferro, igni, quacumque vi 
possent, interrumpant. Se impetum hostium^ quantum corpore 
uno posset obsisti, excepturum. 2 ^ Vadit inde in primum aditum 
pontis ; insignisque inter conspecta cedentium pugnae terga, 
ipso miraculo 26 audaciae obstupefecit hostes. 

3. Duos tamen cum eo pudor tenuit, Sp. Lartium ac 
T. Herminium, ambos claros genere 26 factisque. Cum his 
primam periculi procellam, et quod tumultuosissimum pugnae 10 
erat, parumper sustinuit ; deinde eos quoque ipsos, exigua 
parte pontis relicta, 35 cedere in tutum coegit. Circumferens 



152 Latin Method. 

inde truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etruscorum, nunc 
singulos provocare, 40 nunc increpare omnes : Servitia regum 
superborum, suae libertatis 12 immemores, alienam oppugnatum 42 
venire. Cunctati aliquamdiu sunt, dum alius alium, ut 
proelium incipiant, circumspectant : pudor deinde commovit 
aciem, et, clamore sublato, undique in unum hostem tela 
conjiciunt 

4. Quae cum in objecto cuncta scuto haesissent, neque 
ille minus obstinatus ingenti pontem obtineret gradu, jam 
impetu conabantur detrudere 38 virum ; cum simul f ragor rupti 
pontis, simul clamor Romanorum, alacritate perfecti operis 
sublatus, pavore subito impetum sustinuit. Turn Codes, 
Tiberine pater •, in quit, te sancte precor, haec artna et hunc mi li- 
tem propitio flumine accipias.* 8 Ita sic armatus in Tiber im 
desiluit ; multisque superincidentibus telis, incolumis ad suos 
natavit. Grata erga tantam virtutem civitas fuit : statua 7 in 
comitio posita, agri 10 quantum uno die 34 circumaravit, datum. 
Privata quoque inter publicos honores studia eminebant : 
nam in magna inopia pro domesticis copiis unusquisque ei 
aliquid, fraudans se ipse victu 28 suo, contulit. 

2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevola. 

1. Obsidio erat nihilo 33 minus, et frumenti cum summa 
caritate inopia \ sedendoque expugnaturum 39 se urbem spem 
Porsena habebat : cum C. Mucius, adolescens nobilis, primo 
sua sponte penetrare 38 in hostium castra constituit: dein, 
metuens ne, si consulum injussu et ignaris omnibus iret, 47 
forte deprehensus a custodibus Romanis retraheretur 44 ut 
transfuga, senatum adiit : Transire Tiberim, inquit, Patres^ 
et intrare, si passim** castra hostium volo ; 11011 praedo, nee 
populationum in vicem ultor : majus, si dii juvant, in animo 
est f acinus. Approbant Patres : abdito intra vestem ferro, 
proflciscitur. 

2. Ubi eo venit, in confertissima turba prope regium tri- 
bunal constitit. Ibi cum stipendium forte militibus daretur, 44 
et scriba, cum rege sedens pari fere ornatu, multa ageret, eum 



Reading Lessons. 153 

milites vulgo adirent, timens sciscitari uter Porsena esset, 45 ne 
ignorando regem semet ipse aperiret quis esset, 45 scribam pro 
rege obtruncat. Vadentem inde, qua per trepidam turbam 
cruento mucrone 26 sibi ipse fecerat viam, cum, concursu ad 
clamorem facto, comprehensum regii 3 satellites retraxissent, 
ante tribunal regis destitutes, turn quoque, inter tantas for- 
tunae minas, metuendus magis quam metuens : 

3. Romanus sum, inquit, civis : C. Murium, vocant. Hostis 
hostem occidere volui ; nee ad mortem minus animi 10 est, quamfuit 
ad caedem, Etfacere ^ et pati fortia, Romanum est. Nee unus 
in te ego hos animos gessi : longus post me ordo est idem pet entium 
decus. Proinde in hoe discrime?i, si juvat, accingere, ut in sin- 
gulas horas capite dimices tuo ; ferrum hostemque in vestibulo 
habeas regiae. Hoc tibi juventus 1 Romana indicimus bellum. 
Nullam aciem, nullum proelium timueris. Uni tibi, 11 et cum 
singulis, res erit. 

4. Cum rex, simul ira infensus, periculoque conterritus, 
circumdari ignes minitabundus juberet, nisi expromeret 47 pro- 
pere quas insidiarum sibi minas per ambages jaceret : 47 En 
tibi, inquit, ut sentias quam vile corpus sit iis qui magnam gloriam 
vident : dextramque accenso ad sacrificium foculo 18 injicit. 
Prope attonitus miraculo rex, cum ab sede sua prosiluisset, 
amoverique ab altaribus juvenem 22 jussisset, 44 Tu vero abi, 
inquit, in te magis, quam in me, hostilia ausus. Juberem 
made virtute esse, si pro mea p atria ista virtus staret}* Nunc 
jure™ belli liberum te, i?itactum inviolatumque hinc dimitto. 

5. Turn Mucius, quasi remunerans meritum, Quando- 
quidem, inquit, est apud te virtuti 1 "' honos, ut beneficio tuleris 
a me, quod minis nequisti ; trecenti conjuravimus principes 1 ju- 
ventutis Romanae, ut in te hac via grassaremur. Mea prima 
sors fuit; ceteri, ut cuique ceciderit primo, quoad te opportwium 
fortuna dederit, suo quisque tempore^ aderunt. Mucium 21 dimis- 

sum, cui 18 postea Scaevolae a clade dextrae manus cognomen 
inditum, legati a Porsena Romam secuti sunt. Composita 
pace, exercitum ab Janiculo deduxit Porsena, et agro Romano 
excessit. Patres C. Mucio virtutis causa trans Tiberim agrum 
dono 20 dedere, quae postea sunt Miccia 3 Praia appellata. 



154 Latin Method. 

3. The Escape of Clcelia. 

1. Ergo, ita honorata virtute, feminae quoque ad publica 
decora excitatae. Et Cloelia virgo, una ex obsidibus, cum 
castra Etruscorum forte haud procul ripa 28 Tiberis locata 
essent, frustrata custodes, 21 dux * agminis virginum inter tela 
hostium Tiberim tranavit ; sospitesque omnes Romam ad 
propinquos restituit. Quod ubi regi nuntiatum est, primo, 
incensus ira, oratores Romam misit ad Cloeliam obsidem 
deposcendam ; 41 alias haud magni n f acere : 40 deinde in ad- 
mirationem versus, supra Coclites Muciosque dicere id faci?ius 
esse ; et prae se f erre, quemadmodum, si non dedatur 47 obses, pro 
rupto se foedus habiturum ; sic deditam, inviolatam ad suos re~ 
missurum. 

2. Utrimque constitit fides : et Romani pignus pacis ex 
foedere restituerunt ; et apud regem Etruscum non tuta solum, 
sed honorata etiam, virtus fuit. Laudatam virginem parte 
obsidum se donare dixit: ipsa, quos vellet, legeret. 43 Pro- 
ductis omnibus, elegisse impubes dicitur : quod et virginitati 
decorum, et consensu obsidum ipsorum probabile erat, earn 
aetatem potissimum liberari ab hoste, quae maxime opportuna 
injuriae esset. 47 Pace redintegrata, Romani novam in femina 
virtutem novo genere honoris, statua 1 equestri, donavere. In 
summa Sacra Via fuit posita virgo insidens equo. 18 

VI. Miscellaneous Selections. 
1. A Haunted House. 

1. Erat Athenis 36 spatiosa et capax domus, sed infamis 
et pestilens : per silentium noctis sonus ferri, 9 et, si atten- 
dees acrius, strepitus vinculorum, longius primo, deinde e 
proximo, reddebatur : mox apparebat idolon, senex 1 macie 
et squalore confectus, promissa barba, 26 horrenti capillo : 
cruribus compedes manibus catenas gerebat quatiebatque. 

2. Inde inhabitantibus tristes diraeque noctes per metum 
vigilabantur : vigiliam morbus, et, crescente formidine, mors 
sequebatur. Nam interdiu quoque, quamquam abscesserat 
imago, memoria imaginis oculis 18 inerrabat ; longiorque causis 32 



Reading Lessons. 155 

timor erat. Deserta inde et damnata solitudine domus, 
totaque illi monstro 19 relicta ; proscribebatur, seu quis emere, 
seu quis conducere, ignarus tanti mali, vellet. 

3. Venit Athenas 36 philosophus Athenodorus : legit titu- 
lum ; auditoque pretio, quia suspecta vilitas, percontatus, 
omnia 25 docetur, ac nihilo minus, immo tanto magis, conducit. 
Ubi coepit advesperascere, jubet sterni [lectumj sibi prima 
domus parte : poscit pugillares, stilum, lumen : suos omnes 
in interiora dimittit ; ipse ad scribendum animum, oculos 
manum intendit, ne vacua mens audita simulacra et inanes 
sibi metus fingeret. 44 

4. Initio, quale ubique, silentium noctis : deinde concu- 
ti 40 ferrum, vincula moveri. Ille non tollere oculos, non re- 
mittere stilum, sed obfirmare animum, auribusque praeten- 
dere. Turn crebrescere 40 fragor, adventare, et jam ut in 
limine, jam ut intra limen, audiri. Respicit : videt agnos- 
citque narratam sibi enigiem. Stabat, innuebatque digito, 
similis vocanti. 15 Hie, contra, ut paulum exspectaret manu 
significat : rursusque ceris 18 et stilo incumbit. 

5. Ilia scribentis capiti 18 catenis insonabat. Respicit rur- 
sus, idem quod prius innuentem : nee moratus, tollit lumen, 
et sequitur. Ibat ilia lento gradu, quasi gravis vinculis. 
Postquam deflexit in aream domus, repente dilapsa deserit 
comitem • desertus herbas et folia concerpta signum * loco 
ponit. 

6. Postero die adit magistratus; monet, ut ilium locum 
eflodi jubeant. Inveniuntur ossa inserta catenis et implicita, 
quae corpus aevo terraque putrefactum nuda et exesa reli- 
querat vinculis : collecta publice sepeliuntur : domus postea, 
rite conditis manibus, 35 caruit. — Pliny, Epist. vii. 27. 

2. A Sharper of Syracuse. 

1. C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus, et satis lite- 
ratus, cum se Syracusas, otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat) non 
negotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat se hortulos aliquos 
velle 39 emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine 
interpellatoribus, posset. Quod cum percrebuisset, Pythius 



156 Latin Method. 

ei 19 quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales 
quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere [eis] uti Canio, si 
vellet, 47 ut suis: et simul ad cenam hominem in hortos in- 
vitavit in posterum diem. 

2. Cum ille promisisset, turn Pythius (qui esset, 44 ut argen- 
tarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus) piscatores ad se con- 
vocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos postridie 
piscarentur; dixitque quid eos facere vellet. 45 Ad cenam 
tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum con- 
vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque, 
quod ceperat, adferebat : ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
bantur. 

3. Turn Canius ' Quaeso/ inquit, ' quid est hoc, Pythi ? 
tantumne piscium, tan turn ne cymbarum ? ' Et ille, ' Quid 
mirum ? ' inquit. ' Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est 
piscium; haec aquatio : hac villa 28 isti carere non possunt.' 
Incensus Canius cupiditate, contendit a Pythio ut venderet. 
Gravate ille primo. Quid multa ? impetrat : emit homo cupi- 
dus et locuples, tanti, 11 quanti Pythius voluit; et emit in- 
structos : nomina facit ; negotium conficit. 

4. Invitat Canius postridie familiares suos. Venit ipse 
mature. Scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit ex proximo vicino, 
num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nullos vide- 
ret. 47 * Nullae, quod sciam,' inquit ille : 'sed hie piscari nulli 
solent: itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset/ 45 

5. Stomachari Canius, sed quid faceret? 43 nondum enim 
Aquillius, collega et familiaris meus, protulerat de dolo malo 
formulas : in quibus ipsis cum ex eo quaereretur, Quid esset 45 
dolus malus ; respondebat, Cum esset® aliud simulatum, aliud 
actum. — Cicero, De Off, iii. 14. 

3. The Vale of Enna. 

1. Vetus est haec opinio, judices, quae constat ex anti- 
quissimis Graecorum Uteris ac monumentis, insulam Siciliam 
totam esse Cereri et Liberae consecratam. Hoc cum ceterae 
gentes sic arbitrantur, turn ipsis Siculis ita persuasum est, 
ut in animis eorum insitum atque innatum esse videatur. 



Reading Lessons. 157 

Nam et natas esse has in iis locis deas, et fruges in ea terra 
primum repertas esse arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, 
quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium nemore : 
qui locus, quod in media est insula situs, umbilicus Siciliae 
nominatur. Quam cum investigare et conquirere Ceres 
vellet, dicitur inflammasse taedas iis ignibus qui ex Aetnae 
vertice erumpunt : quas sibi cum ipsa praeferret, orbem omnem 
peragrasse terrarum. 

2. Henna autem, ubi ea quae dico gesta esse memo- 
rantur, est loco perexcelso atque edito, quo in summo est 
aequata agri planities et aquae perennes, tota vero omni 
aditu circumcisa atque directa est : quam circa lacus lucique 
sunt plurimi, atque laetissimi flores omni tempore anni, locus 
ut ipse rap turn ilium virginis, quern jam a pueris accepimus, 
declarare videatur. 

3. Etenim prope est spelunca quaedam, conversa ad aqui- 
lonem, infinita altitudine, qua Ditem patrem ferunt repente 
cum curru exstitisse, abreptamque ex eo loco virginem secum 
asportasse, et subito non longe a Syracusis penetrasse sub 
terras, lacumque in eo loco repente exstitisse : ubi usque ad 
hoc tempus Syracusani festos dies anniversarios agunt cele- 
berrimo virorum mulierumque conventu. 

4. Propter hujus opinionis vetustatem, quod horum in iis 
locis vestigia ac prope incunabula reperiuntur deorum, mira 
quaedam tota Sicilia privatim ac publice religio est Cereris 
Hennensis. 3 Etenim multa saepe prodigia vim ejus numen- 
que declarant : multis saepe in dinicillimis rebus praesens 
auxilium ejus oblatum est, ut haec insula ab ea non solum 
diligi, sed etiam incoli custodirique videatur. — Vcrr. v. 48. 

4. The Earth is made for Man. 

1. Terra vero feta frugibus et vario leguminum genere, 
quae cum maxima largitate fundit, ea ferarumne an hominum 
causa gignere videtur ? Quid de vitibus olivetisque dicam ? 
quarum uberrimi laetissimique fructus nihil omnino ad bestias 
pertinent. Neque enim serencli neque colendi nee tempestive 
demetendi percipiendique fructus, neque condendi ac repo- 



158 Latin Method. 

nendi ulla pecudum 9 scientia est, earumque omnium rerum 
hominum est et usus et cura. 

2. Ut fides igitur et tibias eorum causa factas dicendum 
est, qui illis uti possent, 48 sic ea, quae diximus, iis solis 14 con- 
fitendum est esse parata, qui utuntur ; nee si quae bestiae 
furantur aliquid ex iis aut rapiunt, illarum quoque causa ea 
nata esse dicemus. Neque enim homines murum aut formi- 
carum causa frumentum condunt, sed conjugum et liberorum 
et familiarum suarum. Itaque bestiae furtim (ut dixi) fruun- 
tur, domini palam et libere. 

3. Tantumque abest ut haec bestiarum etiam causa pa- 
rata sint, ut ipsas bestias hominum gratia generatas esse 
videamus. Quid enim oves aliud adferunt, nisi ut earum 
villis confectis atque contextis homines vestiantur ? Quae 
quidem neque ali neque sustentari neque ullum fructum 
edere ex se sine cultu hominum et curatione potuissent. 46 

4. Canum vero tam fida custodia tamque amans # domino- 
rum adulatio tantumque odium in externos et tam incredibilis 
ad investigandum sagacitas narium, tanta alacritas in venando 
quid significat aliud, nisi se ad hominum commoditates esse 
generatos ? 

5. Quid de bobus loquar ? quorum ipsa terga declarant 
non esse se ad onus accipiendum 41 figurata, cervices autem 
natae ad jugum, turn vires humerorum et latitudines ad aratra 
extrahenda. Quibus, 18 cum terrae subigerentur fissione glae- 
barum, ab illo aureo genere (ut poetae loquuntur) vis nulla 
umquam adferebatur. 

Ferrea turn vero proles exorta repente est, 
Ausaque funestum prima est fabricarier ens em, 
Et gustare manu vinctum domitumque juvencum. 

Tanta putabatur utilitas percipi ex bobus, ut eorum visceribus 
vesci scelus haberetur. 

6. Longum est mulorum persequi ^ utilitates et asinorum, 
quae certe ad hominum usum paratae sunt. Sus vero quid 
habet praeter escam ? Cui 19 quidem, ne putresceret, animam 
ipsam pro sale datam dicit esse Chrysippus. Qua pecude, 32 



Reading Lessons. 159 

quod erat ad vescendum hominibus apta, nihil genuit natura 
fecundius. 

7. Quid multitudinem suavitatemque piscium dicam, quid 
avium ? ex quibus tanta percipitur voluptas, ut interdum 
Pronoea nostra Epicurea fuisse videatur. Atque hae ne 
caperentur quidem, nisi hominum ratione atque sollertia ; 
quamquam aves quasdam et alites et oscines, ut nostri au- 
gures appellant, rerum augurandarum 41 causa esse natas pu- 
tamus. 

8. Jam vero immanes et feras beluas nanciscimur 
venando, ut et vescamur iis 31 et exerceamur in venando ad 
similitudinem bellicae disciplinae, et utamur domitis et con- 
docefactis, 31 ut elephantis, multaque ex earum corporibus 
remedia morbis 14 et vulneribus eligamus, sicut ex quibusdam 
stirpibus et herbis, quarum utilitates longinqui temporis usu 26 
et periclitatione percepimus. 

9. Totam licet animis tamquam oculis lustrare terram 
mariaque omnia: cernes jam spatia frugifera atque immensa 
camporum vestitusque densissimos montium, pecudum pastus, 
turn incredibili cursus maritimos celeritate. Nee vero supra 
terram, sed etiam in intimis ejus tenebris plurimarum rerum 
latet utilitas, quae ad usum hominum orta ab hominibus solis 
invenitur. — De Natura Deorum, ii. 62-64. 

5. The Heavens declare a Creator. 

1. Praeclare ergo Aristoteles : 'Si essent,' 46 inquit, 'qui 
sub terra semper habitavissent 47 bonis et illustribus domiciliis, 
quae essent 47 ornata signis atque picturis, instructaque rebus 
iis omnibus quibus abundant ii qui beati putantur, nee tamen 
exissent umquam supra terram, accepissent autem fama et 
auditione, esse quodam numen et vim deorum ; deinde ali- 
quo tempore, patefactis terrae faucibus, ex illis abditis 
sedibus evadere in haec loca, quae nos incolimus, atque 
exire potuissent : 2. cum repente terram et maria caelumque 
vidissent, nubium magnitudinem ventorumque vim cogno- 
vissent, adspexissentque solem, ejusque turn magnitudinem 
pulchritudinemque, turn etiam efficientiam cognovissent, quod 



160 Latin Method. 

is diem efficeret * toto caelo luce diffusa ; cum autem terras 
nox opacasset, 44 turn caelum totum cernerent astris distinctum 
et ornatum, lunaeque luminum varietatem turn crescentis 2 
turn senescentis, eorumque omnium ortus et occasus, atque 
in omni aeternitate ratos immutabilesque cursus ; haec cum 
viderent, profecto et esse 39 deos et haec tanta opera deorum 
esse arbitrarentur.' — id. ii. 37. 

6. An Active Old Age. 

1. Nihil necesse est mihi de me ipso dicere, 88 quamquam 
est id quidem senile, aetatique nostrae conceditur. Videtisne 
ut apud Homerum saepissime Nestor de virtutibus suis prae- 
dicet ? 45 Tertiam enim jam aetatem hominum vivebat, nee 
erat ei verendum ne vera praedicans de se nimis videretur 
aut insolens aut loquax. Etenim, ut ait Homerus, ex ejus 
lingua melle dulcior fluebat oratio> quam ad suavitatem nullis 
egebat corporis viribus. 28 Et tamen dux ille Graeciae nus- 
quam optat ut Ajacis similis habeat decern, sed ut Nestoris; 
quod si sibi accident, 47 non dubitat quin brevi sit 44 Troja 
peritura. 

2. Sed redeo ad me. Quartum ago annum et octogesi- 
mum. Vellem 43 equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus ; sed 
tamen hoc queo dicere : non me quidem iis esse viribus 26 
quibus aut miles bello Punico, aut quaestor eodem bello, 
amt consul in Hispania fuerim, aut quadriennio post, cum 
tribunus militaris depugnavi apud Thermopylas M\ Glabri- 
one consule ; 35 sed tamen, ut vos videtis, non plane me ener- 
vavit, non adflixit senectus ; non curia viris meas desiderat, 
non rostra, non amici, non clientes, non hospites. Nee enim 
umquam sum adsensus veteri illi laudatoque proverbio, 18 quod 
monet mature fieri senem, si diu velis 47 senex esse: ego vero me 
minus diu senem esse mallem, quam esse senem ante quam 
essem. 48 Itaque nemo adhuc convenire me voluit, cui 
fuerim** occupatus. — De Senect. 10. 



Notes. 161 



NOTES. 



The preceding Lessons consist of — 

I. Fables, taken partly from iEsop, said to have been a Phry- 
gian slave, who lived at Athens about 620 B.C. The shrewd, brief 
stories which pass under his name have made the basis of most 
European collections of fables since. 

II. Dialogues written by different authors, some of them by 
Erasmus (a.d. 1467-1536), a very learned, witty, and indefatigable 
scholar, sometimes called the most accomplished of all modern 
writers of Latin. His Colloquia, first published in 1522, are, in 
part, sharply satirical ; in part, like those here given, simply cheer- 
ful and amusing. 

in. Anecdotes of celebrated men of antiquity, taken from the 
miscellaneous writings of Cicero. 

iv. The Kings of Rome , chiefly from an epitome written (it 
is supposed) for the use of schools by Eutropius, secretary of the 
Emperor Constantine, about the year a.d. 330. The epitome con- 
tinues the history into the times of the Emperors, and has afforded 
the staple of many of the popular abridgments. It is given here 
far enough to serve as an introduction to the narrative of Livy, 
which follows. 

Up to this point, no explanatory notes have been given. 
There is nothing beyond the ability of any one who has well 
learned the preceding Lessons ; and it is a great loss to the 
learner to miss the satisfaction of making out the narrative 
by his own skill and ingenuity. Notes should never be leaned 
on for help, until the student has done his very best without 
them ; and the habit of doing this should be formed from the 
very start. A faithful use of the Vocabulary will, it is be- 
lieved, fully explain every passage that has occurred thus 
far ; and, for the simpler constructions of syntax, reference is 

made from time to time to the following : — 

11 



1 62 Latin Method. 



General Rules of Syntax. 

i. Nouns meaning the same thing agree in Case. 

2. Adjectives agree with nouns in Gender, Number, and Case. 

3. Possessive adjectives are used for the Genitive, and in any 

case may have a genitive in agreement. 

4. Relatives agree with their antecedents in Gender and Num- 

ber ; their Case depending on the construction of their clause. 

5. A Verb agrees with its subject in Number and Person. 

6. Two or more singular subjects — also collective nouns, with 

quisque and uterque — may take a plural verb. 

7. The Subject of a finite verb is in the Nominative. 

8. A Noun used to limit or define another, and not meaning the 

same thing, is put in the Genitive. 

9. The Genitive is used to denote the author, owner, source, and 

(with adjectives) measure or quality. 

10. Words denoting a Part are followed by the genitive of the 

word denoting the Whole. 

11. Certain genitives of Quantity — as, 7nagni, parvi, nihili, piuris, 

minoris — are used to express indefinite Value. 

12. Many words of memory and feeling, knowledge or ignorance, 

likeness and nearness, fulness and want — also verbals, and 
participles used as adjectives — take the genitive. 

13. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, and admonishing 

take the genitive of the Charge or Penalty. 

14. The Dative is the case of the Indirect Object. 

15. Words of likeness, fitness, nearness, service, and help, are 

followed by the dative. 

16. Verbs meaning to favor, help, please, serve, trust, and their 

contraries ; also to believe, persuade, command, obey, envy, 
resist, threaten, pardon, and spare, take the dative. 

17. The dative is used with esse to denote the Owner; also with 

the participle in dus to denote the Agent. 

18. Most verbs compounded with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, 

prae, pro, sub, super, take the dative. 

19. Verbs of giving, telling, sending, and the like — sometimes of 

comparing and taking away — take the accusative and dative. 

20. The dative is used to denote the Purpose or End ; often with 

another dative of the person or thing affected. 

21. The Accusative is the case of the Direct Object. 

22. The Subject of the Infinitive mood is in the accusative. 

23. Duration of time and extent of space are in the accusative. 

24. The accusative is used adverbially, or for specification. 

25. Verbs of asking and teaching take two accusatives. 



General Rules of Syntax. 163 

26. The Ablative is used of cause, manner, means, instrument, 

quality, specification, and price. 

27. The Voluntary Agent after a passive verb is in the ablative 

with ab. 

28. Words denoting separation, and plenty or want, — also opus 

and usus, signifying need, — govern the ablative. 

29. Participles denoting birth or origin take the ablative. 

30. The adjectives dignus, indignus, with many verbals, as con- 

tentus, laetus, praeditus, take the ablative. 

31. The deponents iitor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their 

compounds, take the ablative. 

32. The comparative degree may be followed by the ablative. 

33. Degree of difference is put in the ablative. 

34. Time at or within which is put in the ablative. 

35. A subject and predicate in the ablative are used to define the 

time or circumstances of an action {Ablative Absolute). 

$6. The name of the town where is in form like the genitive of 
singular names in us, a, um, otherwise dative or ablative ; of 
that whither in the accusative, and whence in the ablative. 

37. With other words (including names of countries) Prepositions 

must be used to denote where, whither, or whence. 

38. The Infinitive is used like a neuter noun, as the Subject or 

Object, or to complete the action of a verb. 

39. The Infinitive is used, with subject-accusative, after expres- 

sions of knowing, thinking, telling, or perceiving. 

40. The Infinitive is often used for the tenses of the indicative in 

narration (Historical Infinitive) . 

41. The Gerund, governing the case of its verb, or the Gerundive 

in agreement with a noun, is construed as a verbal noun. 

42. The Supine in um is used after verbs of motion, to express the 

purpose of the motion : the Supine in u with adjectives. 

43. The Subjunctive is used independently to denote a wish, com- 

mand, or concession, also in doubtful questions. 

44. Relatives or Conjunctions implying purpose or result — also 

of relative time or characteristic — require the Subjunctive. 

45. Indirect Questions take a verb in the Subjunctive. 

46. The Subjunctive present and perfect are used in future condi- 

tions ; the imperfect and pluperfect, in those contrary to fact. 

47. Dependent clauses in Indirect Discourse, or in a subjunctive 

construction, take the Subjunctive. 

48. In the sequence of Tenses, primary tenses are followed in the 

Subjunctive by primary, and secondary by secondary. 
For the government of Prepositions, see page 41. 
For the general meaning and use of Cases, see page 3. 
For the rules of Subject and Predicate, see Lesson 6. 



164 Latin Method. 

The War with Porsena. 
1. Horatius holds the Bridge. 

1. 1. Clusinum: Clusium was an Etruscan town, about eighty 
miles north of Rome ; according to Pliny, the seat of a magnificent 
court of Porsena. 

4. res Clusina, the state of Clusium. — Understand adeo 
before magnum. 

5. suosmet, their own: -met is emphatic. 

6. receptis . . . acciperet, the kings being taken bach, #*c, i. e. 
should take back the kings and accept peace even with slavery. 

8. data for data sunt. The omission of esse is very common 
in Livy. — adeo . . . ut . . . horrerent : observe the relation of 
these words. 

10. nee quisquam = et nemo. 

1 1 . bene imperando = by good government. 

12. Tiberi objecto, the Tiber being cast in their way = by the inter- 
position of the Tiber : observe the force of ob (p. 45). 

2. pons sublicius, built, it was said, by Ancus Martius. 

5. cum . . . vidisset, when he saw the Janiculum taken by sad- 
den assault, fyc. The Janiculum was a hill on the further side of 
the Tiber, on which the Romans had a fort. 

7. turbam relinquere, depending still on vidisset. 

9. deum, the contracted gen. plur. for deorum, very commonly 
used in such phrases as this. 

10. eos fugere. The passage in italics is in what is called in- 
direct discourse (see pp. 112, 113). In direct discourse, we should 
change to the second person: In vain you desert your post and flee, 
(lit. " that they fled, the defence being in vain deserted "). 

11. plus nostrum, we should expect the plural : it may be ren- 
dered a greater force ; plus is subject of fore, there will be. 

13. monere, etc., these infinitives have for their subject se 
understood. Changing to first person : u I warn you," &c. 

16. ipso, etc., by the very marvel of his bravery. 

3. tumultuosissimum pugnae = ^e stormiest onset. 

4. exigua . . . relicta, while a little part of the bridge was still 
left (" a little part being left "). 

(p. 152). 4. alius . . . circumspectant, one looks to another to 
begin the battle. 

4. 1. quae cum cuncta, when all of these (see Note, p. 132). — 
objecto, held out before him. 



Notes. 165 

2. obtineret, held against the enemy. 

3. impetu conabantur, were just trying by a rush (imperfect). 

4. perfect! operis, of the finished task = at having finished the 
task. The genitive is very often used, where we might expect a 
different case, when two nouns are closely connected, as here. 

5. sustinuit, held in check. 

7. sic armatus, armed as he was. 

10. comitio : the comitium was the place of patrician gatherings. 
It was an elevated part of the Forum, or public square. 
12. pro, in proportion to. 

2. The Deed of Mucins Sccevola. 

1. 14. obsidio erat, the siege continued. — frumenti limits inopia. 

2. expugnaturum [esse] se, that he should conquer, depending 
on spem habebat. In the future of indirect discourse, with the 
participle in urus, the infinitive esse is more commonly omitted. 

5. ne deprehensus retraheretur, lest he should be seized and 
dragged back (" lest being seized," &c). 

7. senatum, governed by adiit as a transitive verb, .as often 
with compounds of ad, trans, and circum (§ 52, 1. d). 

8. si possim, if I should be able : the present subjunctive with 
si is generally to be rendered with should. 

9. populationum . . . ultor = to avenge in turn the plunder. 

10. ferro, steel, poetic for gladio, sivord. 

2. 2. daretur, was [in the act of] being given. 

(p. 153.) 1. adirent: observe that this subjunctive depends on 
cum, two lines before. 

3. vadentem, as he went, agreeing with eum (understood), 
object following cum . . . retraxissent : where the king's attendants 
had seized (comprehensum), and dragged him back ( u him having 
been seized"). 

5 . destitutus = alone. 

3. 1 . vocant, understand me. — hostis is in apposition with ego, 
subject of volui. 

2. est, understand mihi : / have (" there is to me") no less 
courage for death than I had for killing. 

3. fortia, translate by an adverb, bravely. — Romanum, a Roman 
virtue. 

4. petentium, of those seeking (or aiming at). The genitive 
petentium limits erdo, to be translated series or succession. 



1 66 Latin Method. 

5. accingere (pass, imperat.), brace yourself up for this conflict 
if it pleases you. — in singulas horas —from hour to hour. 

6. capite tuo, for your life : the stake or prize of the conflict 
being taken is the abl. of price. — dimices, habeas, pres. subj., 
equivalent to the imperative. 

7. juventus, in appos. with nos (understood), subject of indi- 
cimus. 

8. nullam timueris (the perf. subj., used for the imperative in 
prohibitions : see Lesson 16, 1. c.) : fear no army, fyc. 

4. 2. nisi . . . jaceret, unless he should instantly declare plainly 
the threats of plots against him, which he threw out by dark hints (am- 
bages). The noun (minas) is here, as commonly in Latin, in the 
relative clause. 

3. en tibi, look you ! — vile, worthless. 

8. in te . . . ausus, you who have dared hostile deeds against 
yourself §*c. 

9. macte virtute, a common phrase of encouragement, like 
persevere in valor or merit. — macte is a vocative ( =magis aucte), 
though here used in indirect discourse. * 

5. 2. apud te, with you. — ut . . . tuleris, so that you have won 
from me by kindness what you could not by threats. 

5. ceciderit, fut. perfect, to be translated by the simple future, 
as it shall fall to each first [in his turn], 

6. Mucium, object of secuti sunt. 

7. Scaevolae, dative (see p. 88). — clade, loss. 

9. agro, ablative following ex in excessit. 

3. The Escape of Clcelia. 

1. 2. una ex obsidibus, for una obsidum : this form is more 
common than the genitive after numerals (§ 50, 2. e. R. 1 ). 
6. quod ubi, when this, &c. (see Note, p. 131). 

8. alias . . . facere, made the others of no great account. 

10. prae se ferre, asserted or declared. — pro rupto, as broken. 

11. sic . . . remissurum, so (on the other hand), if surrendered, 
he would restore her unharmed to her friends (suos). 

2.1. constitit, remained firm. — ex foedere, according to the 
treaty. 

5. probabile, etc., it was approved by the general feeling (con- 
sensu) of the hostages themselves, that [the persons of] that age should 
be released, frc. 



Notes. 167 

Miscellaneous Selections. 

Selection I. — 1. sonus is limited by ferri, and subject of 
reddebatur. — longius . . . e, proximo, at a distance, close by. 

2. inhabitantibus (dative), translate by (strictly on the part of). 

— vigiliam, object of sequebatur. In English, the passive con- 
struction would be more natural: watching was followed by, fyc. — 
causis, than the cause of it (the fear). — solitudine, to solitude. 
The Latin often uses the ablative to denote the penalty. — tota, 
i. e. entirely. — proscribebatur : the imperfect means not it was 
advertised, but the advertisement was kept up. — seu . . . veUet, in 
case any one should wish. 

3. quia gives the reason of percontatus. — audita is taken with 
simulacra. 

4. ubique, i. e. everywhere else. — stabat : the imperfect de- 
scribes the appearance of the phantom. 

5. capiti, over the head. — catenis : translate as accusative, 
rattled the chains, noticing the difference of idiom. — idem, 
governed by innuentem. — quod prius, i. e. innuerat. — nee, and 
not ; as it is very often, much oftener than nor. — desertus, i. e. 
after he was thus abandoned. — signum, in apposition with herb as, 
etc., as a mark 

6. quae corpus reliquerat, i. e. which had been left by the body 
(its decay). — exesa, i. e. by rust. — conditis manibus, the ghost 
being laid. — caruit, was relieved, i. e of the disturbance which is 
implied by the whole of the preceding. 

Selection II. — 1. otiandi depends on causa. — quod cum, 
and when this (§ 45, 6). — Canio, dative following licere, that 
Canius might use them. 

2. qui esset = inasmuch as he was. — apparatum, sc. est, was 
got ready. 

3. tantumne, such a quantity : the ne only continues the ques- 
tion. — gravate, i. e. agebat, a kind of idiom. — quid multa, i. e. 
die am : another common idiom which should be noticed as such. 

— impetrat, i. e. his request. — instructos, agreeing with hortos. 
nomina facit, makes out the bill (so used on account of the name in 
the account-book). 

4. scalmum nullum, i. e. not so much as a thole-pin. — eos 
nullos, none of them, a regular Latin idiom. — nullae, sc. feriae. 

— quod, so far as (adverbial accusative.) 

Selection III. — 1. constat, is made out from (lit. holds toge- 
ther). — hoc . . . persuasum est, are persuaded of this. Notice 



1 68 Latin Method. 

the idiom, which is regular. — quam eandem, etc., the same whom 
they call. 

Selection IV. — i. ea, antecedent of quae, coming last, as 
usual in Latin. — serendi depends on scientia. 

5. se refers to terga. — latitudines, plural (as often in Latin) 
because he is thinking of many cases or examples. — fissione, etc. ; 
the early time when the ground had to be broken, and of course 
cattle were more necessary. — aureo, i. e. the golden age. — fabri- 
carier : formerly the infinitive passive ended as here (an extract 
from an old poet) in er. — manu, connected with vinctum. — vesci, 
subj. of haberetur. 

6. longum est: we should say in English it would take too long 
(see Gr. § 60, 2. c). — pro sale, instead of salt, i. e. merely to keep 
it from spoiling (ne putesceret). — pecude depends on fecundius. 

7. Pronoea, Providence, in our modern sense; an idea of the 
Stoics, one of whom is here speaking, hence nostra. — Epicurea 
(pred.), an Epicurean ; fern, on account of the gender of Pronoea. 
The idea is that Providence seems to be an Epicurean in providing 
so many good things for the appetite. 

8. stirpibus, bushes, that have stems. — herbis, plants, grasses 
and the like without woody stems. 

9. licet, you may, taken with lustrare. — plurimarum, etc., 
very many things of use (lit. the usefulness of many things) . 

Selection V. — essent, the subject is the implied antecedent 
of qui, men who. — quoddam, a. This word is used because the 
thing, though only referred to indefinitely, is however definitely 
known. — esse deos, that there are gods. 

Selection VI. — 1. senile, characteristic of old men. — prae- 
dicet, from praedico, are. — aetatem, Gr. § 52, 1. b. — quam 
belongs with suavitatem : the relative is often displaced in this 
way by a preposition connected with it. — dux ille, Agamemnon, 
the chief of the Trojan expedition. 

2. equidem: the force of this word is concessive. The idea is, 
" though I cannot make the same boast that Cyrus (I wish I 
could), still this I can say, &c." The Latin particles have just 
this kind of force, and we cannot begin too soon to notice them. 
— quidem, again concessive (see preceding note). Translate, 
though I have not, fyc, still (sed tamen). — ego: notice that it 
is emphatic, — / for my part. Do not get the habit, because in 
English the personal pronouns are expressed, whether emphatic or 
not, of disregarding their emphasis when expressed in Latin. 



VOCABULARY. 



No. I.— ENGLISH AND LATIN. 



Note. — For the principal parts of verbs (when not given in full), and for 
the inflection of some proper names, see Vocabulary No. II. For Numerals, 
see pages 21, 22. The figures in parenthesis refer to the Table of Synonymes. 



A, usually not expressed ; a certain, 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam. 
Abode, domicilium, 1, N. ; habitdtio, 

onis, F. (39). 
About (adv. ), circiter,fere; (prep.), 

circd, circum. 
Abroad,/<?rw- (place where) ; fords 

(whither). 
Abundance, copia, ae, F. 
Accomplish, perficio* efficio? feci, 

fectum. 
Accuse, accuso, 1 arguo, s i, utum. 
Acorn, glans, dis, F. 
Across, trans (ace). 
Admire, miror} art, dtus. 
Admonish, moneo? adtnoneo? ui, 

itum. 
Adorn, orno. 1 

Advance ( v . ) , progredior* gressus. 
Advantage, iitilitas, atis, F. 
Advantageous, utilis, e. 
Affair, res, ret, F. 
After, post (ace). 
Afterwards, posted. 
Again, iterum ; again and again, 

etiam atque etiam. 
Against, contrd, in (ace). 
Age, aetds, atis, F. (7). 
Aid, auxilium, 1, N. 
Alarmed, territus, a x 11m. 



All, every, omnis, e ; whole, totus, 

• a, um (gen. totlus) ; all things, 
omn{g (yy). 

Allowed, it is — , licet, uit, itum. 

Alone, solus, a, um (gen. solius). 

Along with, una cum (abl.). 

Already, jam. 

Also, quoque, etiam. 

Always, semper. 

Am, see Be. 

Ambassador, legdtus, 1, M. 

Among, inter (ace). 

Ancient, antiquus, a, um. 

And, et, atque (ac), -que. 

Anger, Ira, ae, F. 

Animal, animal, dlis, N. (14). 

Another, alius, a, ud (gen. alius); 
of two, alter, era, erum (p. 7) 

Answer (v.), respondeo, 2 di, sum. 

Answer (n. ), responsum, i, N. 

Ant, formica, ae, F. 

Antiquities, res antlquae (plur.). 

Antony, Antonius, 1, m. 

Any, ullus, a, um (gen. Tus) ; after 
negatives, quisquam ; anybody 
(emphatic), qidv'is, quaevis ; in- 
terrog. mmqius (see § 21, 2. d). 

Apparel, vestitus, us, m. 

Appear, videor? visits ; appareo, 2 ul. 

Appearance, species, ei t v. 



170 



Latin Method. 



Apple, pdmum, 1, N. 

Approve, probo. 1 

Are, sumus, estis, sunt ; a sign of 
the present. 

Arms, arma, drum, N. (16). 

Army, exercitus, us, M. (5). 

Arrange, dispono? posuT, positum. 

Arrangement, dispositio, onis, F. 

Arrive, pervenio,^ veni, ventutn. 

Art, ars, artis, F. 

As, ut; as . . . as, tarn . . . quam ; 
such ... as, talis . . . qu&lis 
(see quantus, quot, quoties, § 22); 
as if, quasi, tamquam. 

Ashamed, usually with pudet 
(impers. see § 50, 4. c 2 ) ; as, 
I am ashamed, me pudet. 

Aside (in compos.), se-: as, se-voco, 1 
to call aside. 

Ask, dro, 1 rogo 1 (two ace); peto? 
ml, itum (ad), (79). 

Asp, aspis, idis, F. 

Assembly, conventus, us, M. 

Asylum, asylum, T, N. 

At, locative (see § 55, 3. c, d); — 
near, ad; = on account of, on 
occasion of, ad (ace); at last, 
demum ; at length, tandem. 

Attack (v.), aggredior? oppugnol 

Attack (n.), impetus, us, M. 

Attempt (v.), conor . x 

Attempt (n.), cdndtus, us, M. 

Attention, to give, operam dare. 

Audacity, auddcitds, atis, f. 

Authority, auctoritds, atis, F. 

Avarice, avdritia, ae, F. 

Axle, axis, is, M. 



Back (n.), tergum, i, N. 
Back (adv.), retro, re- (in compos., 
as, re-fero). 



Bad, malus, a, um ; bad people, 

improbl (66). 
Barbarian, barbarus, a, um. 
Barbarous (in character), im- 

mdnis, e (93). 
Base (adj.), turpis, e. 
Battle, proelium, i, N. (22). 
Be, esse (sum, fut, futurus). 
Bear (v.), fero, ferre^ tult, latum ; 

( suffer ) , patior? passus. 
Bear (n.), ursus, 1, M. ; ursa, ae,*¥. 
Beard, barba, ae, F. ; bearded, bar- 

bdtus, i. 
Beautiful, pulcher (or cer), era, 

crum (91). 
Beauty, pulcritildo, inis, F. ; decor, 

oris, M. 
Because, quia, quod. 
Become, flo, fieri, /actus; it is 

becoming, decet (ace). 
Before, as prepos., ante (ace.) ; as 

conj., ante . . . quam. 
Beg, dro 1 , imploro, 1 peto* (79). 
Beginning, initium, 1, N. ; in the 

— of summer, prima aestate. 
Behalf (in behalf oi), pro (abl.). 
Behold, specto. 1 
Beseech, imploro 1 (ace. of thing 

and abl. of person with ab); dro. 
Betray, prodo? didi, ditum. 
Betrothed, spdnsus, T, M. ; spdnsa, 

ae, F. 
Better, melior, melius. 
Between, inter (ace). 
Bind, necto? xui, ctum ; vincio,* 

nxi, nctum (63). 
Bitter, acerbus, a, um. 
Bitterness, acerbitas, atis, F. 
Blame (v.), culpo, 1 vitupero, 1 repre- 

hendo? di, sum. 
Blame (n.), culpa, ae, F. 
Blessing, bo7ium, t, N. 
Blood, sanguis, inis, M. ; when 

shed, cruor, dris^ M. 



Vocabulary: English and Latin 



171 



Blooming, fldrens, tis. 

Blossom, fos,foris, M. 

Boar, aper, aprz, M. 

Boast ( v . ) , glorior. 1 

Boast (n,), gldria, ae, F. 

Body, corpus, oris, N. 

Bond, vinculum, z, N. 

Book, liber, librz, M. 

Border, finis, is, m. (rarely F.). 

Born, to be, nascor? ndtus. 

Both, ambo, ae, a; uterque, utra- 

que, utrumque (gen. utriusque) ; 

— of whom, quiutrique ; both . . . 

and, et . . . **; on both sides, 

utri?nque. 
Bound (v.), contineo,* 1 uz, tentum. 
Bountiful, beneficus, a, um. 
Bounty, beneficium, z, N. 
JZowl, poculum, i, N. 
Boy , puer, pueri, M. 
Bramble-thicket, dumetum, z, N. 
Branching, rdmosus, a, um. 
Brave, fortis, e. 
Bravely, fortiter. 
Breadth, Idtitudo, inis, F. 
Break, frango? fregz, fr actum. 
Breaking, fractw-a, ae, F. 
Brevity, brevitds, dtis, F. 
Brief, brevis, e. 
Bright, clarus, lilcidus, a, um. 
Brightness, cldritds, dtis, F. 
Bring, adfero (offer o) ; bring on 

(cause), ejftcio? infer 0. 
Broad, latus, a, um. 
Broken, fractus, a, um ; — piece, 

fragmentum, z, N. 
Brother, frdter, tris, M. 
Bull, taurus, z, M. 
Burdensome, gravis, e ; less — , 

levior, us. 
Business, negotium, i, N. 
Busy, occupdtus, a, um. 
But, sed ; autem (following one or 

more words). 



By (agent after passives), d, ab 
(abl.) ; by no means, nullo modo, 
nequdquam ; by day, inter diu ; 
by night, noctil ; of means, abl. 



C. 



Caius, Gaius, z, M. (initial, C). 
Cake, libum, z, N. 
Calamity, calamitds, dtis, F. 
Call, voco 1 , appellor 
Camp, castra, drum, N. plur. 
Can, possum, posse, potuz ; cannot, 
non possum, nequeo, Ire, zvz, itum 

(8 7 ). 

Cannae, at — , Cawzensis, e (adj.). 
Capital (chief town), caput, itis, N. 
Capitol, Capitolium, z, N, 
Care, cilra, ae, F. (38). 
Carry, porto, 1 fero ( irr. ) . 
Carthage, Carthago, inis, F. 
Cast down (v.), dejicio* (deicio), 

jecz,jectum. 
Cat, felis, is, M. or F. 
Catch, capio? excipio 3 (25). 
Cautious, cautzis, a, um ; prudens. 
Cautiously, cazite, ius, issime. 
Cavalry, eqztitdtus, us, M. 
Censor, censor, oris, M. 
Certain(a), qzizdam (see A.). 
Chain, catena, ae, F. 
Change (v.), milto. 1 
Change (n.), versura, ae ; mutdtio, 

onis, F. 
Changeable, mz'itdbilis, e. 
Charge (v.), arguo* accuso 1 (ace 

and gen.) ; = attack, impetzim 

facere in (ace). 
Charge (n.), crimen, i/zis, N. (32). 
Charm (v.), delecto. 1 
Cheerful, hilaris, e. 
Chief [x\.),dux, ducis, M. or F. (42). 
Chief (adj.), maximus, a, um. 



172 



Latin Method. 



Chiefly, maxime. 

Child, puer, ert, M. ; children (of 

the family), liberty drum; (in 

general), pueru 
Choose (prefer), mdlo (irreg.); 

(select), deligo? legt, ledum; 

(elect), creo. 1 
Citadel, arx, arcis, F. 
Citizen, civis, is, M. or F. 
City (buildings, &c), urbs, is, F. ; 

(as organized state), civitds, dtis 
Clad, vestttus, a, um. [(9^-) 

Claw, unguis, is, M. 
Clear (as the sky, weather, &c), 

serenus, a, um ; (transparent), 

lucidus, liquidus. 
Clothe, vestioA 
Clothing, vestttus, us, M. ; vestis, 

is, F. (99). 
Cold (n.), frigus, oris, N. ; algor, 

oris, M. 
Cold (adj.) ,/rtgidus, a, um. 
Clusians, Clustni, drum, M. 
Come, venio* vent, ventum. 
Comedy, comoedia, ae, F. 
Coming, adventus, us, M. 
Command (v.), jubeo? jusst, jus- 
sum (ace. and inf.) ; impero 1 (dat. 

and ut with subj.). 
Commander, imperdtor, oris, M. 
Commend, commendoS 
Commerce, meredtura, ae, F. 
Common, communis, e; common 

people, plebs, bis, F. ; common- 
wealth, res publico,. 
Companion, socius, t, M ; comes, 

itis, C. (29). 
Compare, comparo. 1 
Complain, queror? questus. 
Complete, perfectus, a, um. 
Completely, omnino, penitus. 
Complexion, color, oris, M. 
Conceal, celo 1 (two ace. : 2). 
Concerning, de (abl.). 



Condemn, damnol 
Confess, fateor? fassus. 
Confide, fidefi (confido), fisus 

(dat. or abl.). 
Conflagration, incendium, t, N. 
Conquer, vinco* vtct, victum. 
Conquering (adj.), victor, oris, 

M. ; victrlx, Tcis, F. 
Conscious, conscius, a, um ; to be 

— , sibi consclre. 
Consent, consensio, onis, F. ; con- 
sensus {adsensus), us, M. 
Consider, existimo l (92). 
Conspicuous, to be — , emineo, 2 ut. 
Conspiracy, co?ijiirdtio, onis, F. 
Conspirator, conjurdtus, t, M. 
Conspire, conjuro. 1 
Constant, perpetuus, a, um ; as 

moral quality, constdns, tis. 
Consul, consul, ulis, M. 
Corinth, Corinthus, t, F. ; adj. -ius. 
Corn, friimentum, t, N. (94). 
Could, past tenses of possum. 
Counsel, consilium, t, N. (31). 
Countenance, vultus, us, M. 
Country (native), patria, ae, F.; 

(opposed to city), rils, riiris, N.; 

in the — , rurt ; from the — , rure ; 

to the — , rils (ace). 
Courage, virtus, utis ; fortitudo, 

inis, F. 
Court (pay respect to), colo? 
Cover, tego? text, tectum; operio* 

ut, opertum. 
Covered, opertus. 
Covering (means of), tegmentum, 

t, N. 
Covetous, avdrus, a, um (20). 
Cow, vacca, ae, F. 
Coward, igndvus, a, um (adj.). 
Cowardice, igndvia, ae, F. 
Crash, fragor, oris, M. (97). 
Creature, animal, dlis, N. (14). 
Crocodile, crocodllus, 1, M. 



Vocabulary: English and Latin, 



173 



Crops, fruges, um, F. plur. (94). 
Cross (v.), trans eo (irreg.). 
Cruel, crildelis, e ; saevus, a, um, 
Cure, remedium, i, N. [(93)« 

Custom, mos, moris, M. (70). 

D. 

Daily, quotidie ; adj. quottdidnus, 

a, um. 
Danger, periculum, 1, N. 
Darkness, tenebrae, arum, F. 
Dated, datus, a, um (of a letter ; 

i. e. given to the messenger). 
Daughter, filia, ae, F. (p. 4. a). 
Day, dies, ei, M. (§ 13, 2. N.; p. 18) 

by day, interdiii ; in one day, 

uno die ; every day, quotidie. 
Deal (a great), multum, plilrimum . 
Dear, cdrus, a, um. 
Death, mors, tis, F. ; condemn to 

— , capitis damndre (§ 50, 4. b). * 
Deceitful, falldx, acis. 
Deceive, fallo? fefelli, falsum ( 45 ) . 
Decree (v.), decerno? crevi, creium. 
Decree (n.), deer e turn, i, N. 
Deed, factum, i, N. ; f acinus, oris, N. 
Deeds, res gestae, F. 
Defence, praesidi 'um, T, N. ; means 

of — , munimentum, i, N. 
Defend, defendo? di, sum ; tueort 
Defender, defensor, oris, M. 
Delay (v.), moror. 1 
Delay (n.), mora, ae, F. 
Delight (v.), trans, delecto 1 ; in- 

trans. gaudeo, 2 gdvisus. 
Delight (n.),gaudium, i t N. 
Dense, densus, a, um. 
Deny, nego, 1 recuso. 1 
Depart, decedo? cessi, cessum ; (set 

out ) , proficiscor? fectus ( 3 ) . 
Departure, profectio, onis, F. 
Deprive, privo. l 
Desire (v.), cupio? ivi, Hum (33). 



Desire (n.), cupido, inis, F. 
Desist, desisto* stitt, stitum. 
Destiny, fdtum, i, N. 
Destroy, deleo? evi, etum ; per do? 

didi, ditum. 
Devour, voro, 1 devoro. 1 
Die, morior? mortuus. 
Differ, disto 1 (no perf.), differ 

(irr.) ab ; — in opinion, dissen- 

tio? si, sum. 
Difficult, difficilis, e. 
Difficulty, difficultas, dtis, F. 
Dignity, dignitas, dtis, F. 
Diligent, diligens, tis. 
Disaster, clddes, is, F. (24). 
Discussion, disputdtio, onis, F. 
Disease, morbus, t, M. 
Dispute (v.), disputo. 1 
Dispute (n.), disputdtio, onis, F. 
Distance, spatium, intervallum, i y 

N. ; at a — , procul. 
Distrust, diffido, z fisus (dat.). 
Divine, divinus, a, um ; or expr. 

by the gen. deorum. 
Do, facio? feci, factum ; ago? egf, 

actum ; as auxiliary, in questions 

or commands, not translated ; to 

be done, fieri; do not, noli, ne. 
Doctor, medicus, t, M. 
Doe, cerva, ae, F. 
Dog, canis, is, c. (gen. plur. um). 
Doubt (v.), dubito. 1 
Doubt (n.), dubitatio, onis, F. 
Doubtful, dubius, a, um. 
Doubtless, sane. 
Dove, columba, ae, F. 
Dove-cot, columbdrium, T, N. 
Dread, reformido 1 (69). 
Dreadful, terribilis, e ; formido- 

losus, a, um. 
Drive (in defeat),/*/^. 1 
Dropping, gutta, ae, F. 
Duck, anas, atis, C. 
Duty, officium, i, N. (57). 



m 



Latin Method. 



E. 



Each, quisque, quaeque, quodque ; 

(of two), uterque, traque, tr unique. 
Eagle, aquila, ae, F. 
Early, priscus, a, um (ioo). 
Earth, terra, ae, F. 
Easily, facile, facilius, facillime. 
Either, uter, utra, utrum (gen. tus); 

either ... or, aut . . . aut, vel 

. . . vel ; not — , nee, neque. 
Elder, major ndtii (§ 17, 3. b). 
Elect, creo. 1 

Eloquence, eloquentia, ae, F. 
Eloquent, eloquens, tis (72). 
Empirej imperium, t, N. 
End,/f«w, is, m. (rarely F.). 
Endure, tolero. 1 
Enemy (public), hostis, is, M.; 

(personal), inimicus, t, M. (54). 
Enjoy , fruor , 3 frilctus (abl.). 
Enter, intro. 1 
Entirely, omnino, plane. 
Envy (v.), invideo? di, sum (dat.). 
Envy (n.), invidia, ae, F. 
Equal, par, par is ; (well-balanced) 

aequus, a, um (6). 
Escape (v.), effugio? fugT, fugi- 

tum. 
Escape (\\.),fuga, ae, F. ; effugium, 

l, N. 
Even, et, etiam, vel ; not — , ne . . . 

quidem. 
Even (adj.), aequus, a, tim (6) 
Ever, unquam {umquam). 
Every, omnis, e ; — thing, omnia. 
Evil, malus, a, um (66) ; as noun, 

malum, 1, N. 
Excel, praesto, 1 stitt, stitum ; ante- 
cello* (dat.). 
Excellent, excellens, tis; prae- 

stdns, tis. 
Exhort, /tor.'or. 1 
Exile, exsilium, t, N. 



Extraordinary, singular is, e ; ex* 

imius (egregius), a, um. 
Extreme, summus, a, um. 

F. 

Face, vultus, us, M. 

Fair, serenus, a, um ; albus. 

Faith, fides, ei, F. 

Faithful, ftdus, a, um ; fidelis, e. 

Fall, cado? cecidi, edsum ; ruo$ 

Fame, fdma, ae ; gloria, ae, v. (46) 

Famous, egregius, a, um ; nobilis, e. 

Far, longe. 

Farmer, agricola, ae, M. 

Fasting, inedia, ae, F. 

Father, pater, tris, M. 

Fatherland, patria, ae, F. 

Fault, vitmm, t, N. ; culpa, ae, Y. 

Favor (v.), faveo, 2 fdvi, fauium 

(dat.). 
Favor (n.), gratia, ae, F. 
Favorable, secundus, a, um. 
Fear (v.), timeo, 2 ul; ?netuo,* ui ; 

vereor, 2 itus (69). 
Fear (n.), timor, oris, M. 
Fertile, fer tills, e. 
Fever, febris, is (im, i), F. 
Few, pauci, ae, a. 
Fidelity, f deli t as, alls ; fides, el, F. 
Field, ager, agri, M. (8). 
Fierce, fer ox, ocis (93). 
Fight, pugno 1 (90), confllgo. 
Fill, co?npleo (impleo), 2 euT, etum. 
Finger, digitus, t, M. 
Fire, ignis, is, M. ; set on — , in- 

cendo? di, sum. 
Fish, piscis, is, M. 
Fit, iddneus, a, um (30). 
Flattery, adsentatio, onis, F. 
Flock, pecus, oris, N. (51). 
Flow, fluo, 3 fluxt, fluxum. 
Flower, fids, floris, M. ; made of 

flowers, floreus, a, tim. 



Vocabulary : English and Latin. 



175 



Fly (flee), fugio? fugi, fugitum. 

Follow, sequor? seciltus (95). * 

Folly, stultitia, ae, F. 

Food, cibus, i, M. (36). 

Fool, stultus, i, m. (adj. as noun). 

Foolish, stultus, a, um. 

Foot, pes, pedis, M. 

Footstep, vestigium, t, N, 

For (conj.), nam, enim ; (prep.), 

pro (abl.) ; often expressed by 

dative. 
Forbid, veto, 1 ui, itum (ace. and 

inf.) ; prohibeo, 2 ui, itum (with ne 

and subj.). 
Force, vis, vim, vi ; pi., vires, F. 

(p. 14). 
Forces (troops), copiae, drum, F. 
Foreign, externus (alienus), a, 

um. 
Foreigner, peregrinus, t, M. 
Forest, silva, ae, F. (96). 
Forget, obliviscor? oblitus. 
Forgetful, oblitus, a, um. 
Fortify, munio.* 
Fortunate, felix, icis ; fortilndtus, 

a, um (47). 
Fortune, for tuna, ae, F. 
Fountain, fon s, fontis, M. 
Fox, vulpes, is, F. 
Frail, fragilis, e. 
Free, liber, era, erum (62). 
Frequent, frequens, tis. 
Fresh, recens, tis. 
Friend, amicus, i, M. 
Friendly, amicus, a, um. 
Friendship, amicitia, ae, F. 
Frighten, terreo? ui, itum. 
Frightened, territus, a, um. 
Frog, rdna, ae, F. 
From, away from, d, ab (abl.) ; out 

of, e, ex ; as denoting cause, ex- 
press by ablative (1). 
Fruit, fructus, us, M. 
FuUfplenus, a, um (gen. or abl.). 



Furnish, praebeo, 2 ut, itum ; minis' 

troy 
Future, futiirus, a, um. 



G. 

Garb, habitus, us, M. 
Garden, /tortus, i, M. 
Gate, porta, ae, F. (86). 
Gathering, conventus, us, M. 
Gaul, the country, Gallia, ae, F. ; 

the people, Gallus, i, M. 
General, imperator, oris, M. 
Get together, comparoS 
Giant, gigds, antis, M. 
Gift, donum, i; beneficium, i, N. 
Give, do, 1 dedi, datum (37). 
Glad, laetus, a, um ; I am — to 

hear, libenter audio ; to be, gaudeo. 
Gladly, libenter. 
Glorious, cldrus (praecldrus), a, 

um. 
Glory, gloria, ae, F. (46) . 
Go, eo, ire, ivi (it), itum (§ 37, 6) ; 

— away, abeo, discedo 3 ; — out or 

forth, exeo, proficiscor? fectus (3). 
God, deus, i, M. (p. 5. e). 
Goddess, dea, ae, F. (p. 4. a). 
Gold, aurum, i, N. 
Good, bonus, a, um (p. 6). 
Goose, anser, eris, M. 
Grace, grdtia, ae, F. 
Grasp, prehendo (compre/tendo) 3 di, 

sum ; grasp at, adripio 3 
Great, magnus, a, um ; major, 

maximus. 
Greatness, magnitudo, inis, F. 
Greece, Graecia, ae, F. 
Greedy, avidus, a, um. 
Greejfc (Grecian), Graecus } a, um. 
Grief, dolor, oris; luctus, iis, M. (38). 
Grieve, doleo, 2 ui; liigeo, 2 xi, ctwn. 
Gulf, gurges, itis, M. ; sinus, iis. 



176 



Latin Method. 



H, 



Hand 9 manus, us, f. (p. 18). 
Happily, bedte. 
Happy, bedtus, a, um (47). 
Harbor, portus, us, M. 
Hard, durus, a, um. 
Hardship, labor, oris, M. (58). 
Hasten, festino} ( proper ) . l 
Hate (v.), odi, osus (§ 38, 1. b). 
Hate (n.), odium, t, N. (76). 
Have, habeo; 2 ' I — , est mihi. 
He, is, ille ; but generally implied 

in 3d person (52). 
Head, caput, itis, N. 
Health, salus, utis, F.; state of, 

valetudo, mis, F. 
Healthful, saluber, bris, bre. 
Heart, cor, cordis, N. ; animus, i. 
Heaven, caelum, i, N. ; plur., caeli. 
Hear, audio,* 
Heavy, gravis, e. 
Height, altitudo, inis, F. 
Helm, guberndculum, 1, N. 
Help ( v . ) , prosum, prodesse, profui; 

subvenio* vent, ventum (dat.). 
Help (n.), auxilium, 1, N. 
Hence, hinc. 
Her (obj.), earn; (poss.), ejus ; her 

own (emph.), ipslus ; (refl.), suus, 

a, um. 
Herdsman, bubulcus, i, M. 
Here, hie. 

Hidden, occultus, a, urn. 
Hide, celo 1 (2 ace); occulo? ut, 

occultum. 
High, altus, a, um (10). 
Highest, summus, a, um. 
Himself (emph.), ipse ; (refl.), se. 
His, ejus (gen. of is) ; his own 

(emph.), ipsius; (refl.), suus, a, 

um : omitted when it is implied 

from the context. 



Hold, teneo (obtineo), 2 ut, tentum; 

habeo, 2 uT, itum ; (regard), duco. 3 
Holding, power of, c ipdcitds, dtis,F. 
Home, domus, us, f. (p. 18); at — , 

domi; towards — , domum ; from 

— , domo. 
Honey, mel, mellis, N. 
Honest, probus, a, um (23). 
Honesty, probitds, dtis, F. 
Honor (v. : do honor to), hondro. 1 
Honor (n.), honor, oris, M. (46). 
Honorably, honeste. 
Hope (v.), spero 1 (ace). 
Hope (n.), spes, spei, F. 
Horn, cornu, us, N.; with horns 

(horned), cornutus, a, um. 
Horse, equus, 1, m. 
Horseman, eques, itis, M. 
Hostile, infensus, inimicus, a, um. 
Hotly, dcriter. 

House, domus, us, F. (p. 18 : 39). 
How? quomodo ; however, quam- 

vis (=yet, tamen) ; how great, 

quantus, a, um ; how many, quot. 
Human, humdnus, a, um. 
Humble, demissus, a, um. 
Hunger, fames, is, F. 
Hunter, vendtor, oris, M. 
Hurl, torqueo, 2 si, turn ; jacio (con- 

jicio) 3 , ject, j actum (jectum). 



I. 



I, ego, met, mihi % me (§ 19, 1). 
Ibis, ibis, is (idis), F. 
Ice, glacies, et, F. 
Ides, idus, uum, F. 
Idle, igndvus, a, um ; iners, tis. 
Ignorance, ignorantia, ae, F. 
Ignorant, igndrus, a, um. 
Immortal, immortdlis, e. 
Impatient, impatiens, tis. 
Impiety, impietds, dtis, F. 



Vocabulary: English and Latin. 



J77 



Implore, imploro 1 (79). 
Impudence, impudentia, ae, F. 
In, in (abl.) ; often by abl. alone. 
Inconstant, levis, e. 
Indulgence, indulgentia, ae, F. 
Inferior, inferior ', us (with abl.). 
Inform, certiorem facere (de). 
Innocence, innocentia, ae, F. 
Insolence, insolentia, ae, F. 
Intending to, express by future 

participle. 
Interest, it is one's, interest (gen.); 

it is my — , med interest. 
Into, in (ace). 
It, id, illud ; it is, est ; itself (for 

itself), sibi. 
Italy, Italia^ m, f. 



J. 

Javelin, pilum, I, N. (16). 
Jealous, invidus, a, um. 
Jeweller, gemmdrius, t, M. 
Joining, junctura, ae, F. 
Journey, iter, itineris, N. (56). 
Jove, Juppiter, Jovis, M. 
Joy, gaudium, T, N. 
Judge (\.),judico, 1 aestimo. 1 
Judge (n.), judex, icis, M. 
June (of), Junius, a, um. 
Justice, jilstitia, ae, F. 
Just, Justus, aequus, a, um. 

K. 

Keep, servo ^ teneo? uT. 
Kindness, beneficium, T, N. (40), 
King, rex, regis, M. 
Kingdom, regnum, 1, N. 
Know (know how), scioA 
Knowledge, scientia, ae, F. 



Labor, labor, oris, M. (58). 
Lack, egeo (indigeo), 2 ul (gen. or 

abl.) ; careo, 2 ul (abl. : 26). 
Ladder, scala, ae, F. 
Lake, lacus, us, M. 
Lame, claudus, a, um ; aeger (gra, 

grum) pedibus. 
Land, terra ; native — , patria, ae, 

F.; by — and sea, terra marique. 
Language, lingua, ae, F. 
Large, magnus,a, um (65). 
Last, ultimus, a, um ; at — , demum. 
Lasting, diuturnus, a, um. 
Lately, nuper, paulo ante. 
Latin, latinus, a, um. 
Laugh (v.), rideo, 2 risi, risum. 
Laugh (n.), risus, us, M. 
Law, lex, legis, F. (57). 
Lawful, fas (indecl.), legitimus, 

a, um. 
Lay aside, depono? posui, si turn. 
Lazy, piger, gra, grum ; iners, tis. 
Lead, diico* xi, ctum. 
Leader, dux, duct's, c. 
Leaf, folium, 1, n. 
League, foedus, eris, N. 
Learn, disco ; 3 learned, doctus. 
Leave, relinquo? liqui, lictum. 
Left hand, sinistra, ae, F.; (adj.), 

laevus ; on the — , ad laevum. 
Leg, crus, cruris, N. 
Legion, legio, onis, F. (61). 
Length, longitiido, Ms, F. ; at — , 

tandem. 
Less, minor, minus (§ 17, 2). 
Lest, ne (followed by subjunctive). 
Letter, epistola, ae, F. ; letters (lit- 
erature), litterae, arum, F. 
Liar, menddx, dcis. 
Liberator, liberdtor, oris, M. 
Liberty, libertds, dtis, F. 



178 



Latin Method. 



Lie (speak falsely), mentior* 

Lieutenant, legdtus, z, M. 

Life, vita, ae, F. [inis, N. 

Light (n.), lux, lilcis, F. ; lumen. 

Light (adj.), levis, e. 

Like, similis, e (gen. or dat. ) ; 

very — , consimilis (6). 
Line-of -battle, acies, ei, F. (5). 
Link, hamus, z, M. 
Lion, leo, onis, M. 
Live, vivo? vzxz, victum. 
Log, tignum (tigillum), z, N. 
Load, onus, oneris, N. 
Long, longus, a, um ; (time), diu ; 

so •—, tamdiu. 
Longer, diutius ; no — , non jam. 
Look, videor,' 1 visus. 
Love (v.), amo. 1 
Love (n. ), amor, oris, M. 



M. 

Magistrate, magistrdtus, us, M. 

Maiden, puella, ae; virgo, inis, F. 

Maintain (keep), teneo? uz, ten- 
turn; (hold an opinion), dis- 
puto. v 

lNLsbke,faa'o, s fea,factitm ; passive, 
f To, fieri, f actus (§ 37, 7.) 

Man, vir, viri, M. (53); a person 
in general, homo, itiis ; a little — , 
homunculus, 1, M. ; meaning per- 
sons of a certain quality or de- 
scent, expressed by adjectives. 

Manly, virills, e ; fortis, e (23). 

Mantle, amictus, us, M. ; pallium, 
t, N. (99). [rimt. 

Many, midtT, ae, a ; very — , plu- 

March, iter, itineris, N. (56). 

March (of), Mar this, a, um. 

Marsh, palus, udis, F. 

Master (teacher), magister, tri ; 
(of property), dominus, i, M. 



May (it is permitted), licet, § 39, d; 

in purpose clauses, ut with subj.; 

of wish, pres. subj. 
Meadow, prdtum, z, N. (8). 
Mean, vzlis, e ; abjectus, a, um. 
Means : by no — , nullo modo, ne- 

qudquam. 
Measure (v.), metior* mensus. 
Measure (n.), modus, z, m. ; a 

little — , modulus, z, M. 
Meat, cdro, cdrnis, F. 
Meeting, conventus, Us, M. 
Merciful, clemens, tis. 
Mercifully, clementer. [tis (65). 
Mighty, magnus, a, um ; ingens, 
Mild : to grow — , mztesco? 
Mile, mille passuum. 
Milk, lac, lactis, n. 
Mind, animus, z, M. (13). 
Mindful, memor, oris. 
Mingling, mixtura, ae, F. 
Misery, miser ia, ae, F. (38). 
Mob, tzirba, ae, F. ; tumultus, its, m. 
Money, peciinia, ae, F. 
Monkey, szmia, ae, F. 
Monstrous, immdnis, e (93). 
Monument, mo7iumentum, z, N. 
Moon, liina, ae, F. 
More, plus, plur is (§ 16, 3. b) ; adv., 

magis ; also, sign of comparative. 
Mortal, mortdlis, e. 
Most (men) , pier zque ; adv ., pluri- 

mum, maxime; sign of superl. 
Mother, mater, tris, F. 
Mountain, mons, montis, M. 
Mourn, lugeo, 2 liixz, luctum. 
Mournful, tristis, e. 
Mouth, os, oris, N. 
Move, moveo, 2 movz, motum ; in- 

trans., use passive. 
Much, multum ; by — , mzdto. 
Must, generally by part, in dus. 
My, meus, a, um ; voc. M., mz. 
Myrtle (of), myrteus, a, um. 



Vocabulary: English and Latin* 



179 



N. 



Narrow, angustus, a, um. 
Name, nomen, inis, N. (74). 
Nation, gens, tis ; natio, onis, F. 
Native land, ) 
Native city, \P^ta,ae^. 

Near, prope (ace.) ; nearly, fere. 

Necessary, opus (§ 54, 1. d) ; ne- 
cessaries, res necessariae. 

Neck, collum, t, n. [a, um. 

Neighbor, proximus, finitimus, 

Neither (of two), neuter, tra, truni 
(gen. trius) ; neither . . . nor, 
nee . . . nee. 

Never, nunquam. 

New, novus, a, um. 

News, nuntius, t, M. ; fdma, ae, F. 

Night, nox, noctis, F. ; by — , noctil. 

Nightly, nocturnus, a, um. 

No (adj.), nullus, a, um (gen. ius) ; 
no man, no one, nemo, inis, C. 
(for gen. and abl., nullius, nullo). 

Noise, strepitus, us, M. (97). 

Nor, neque, nee (see neither). 

North wind, A qui to, onis, M. 

Nose, ndsus, i, M. 

Not, non ; interrog. nonne ; not 
even, ne . . . quidem ; imperat., ne. 

Nothing, nihil, nihilum,i, N. 

Notice, animadverto? ti, sum. 

Now, nunc ; = already, jam. 

Number, numerus, i, N. 

Nymph, nympha, ae, F. 

O. 

Obedience, obedientia, ae, F. 

Obey, pareo, 2 ui, Hum ( dat . ) . 

Obscure, obscurus, a, um. 

Ocean, oeeanus, t, M. 

Of, expressed by genitive ; of se- 
paration, by ablative ; = con- 
cerning, de (abl.). 



Offence, injuria, ae, F. 

Often, saepe ; very — , saepissime. 

Old, vetus, eris, (100); — man, 
senex, is, M.; — age, senectus, utis, 
F. ; older, major natu. 

Older, senior (§ 17, 3. b). 

Omen, omen, inis, N. 

On, in (abl.); of time or instru- 
ment, expressed by ablative. 

Once, semel ; (formerly), quondam. 

One, unus, a, u?n (gen. ius) ; any 
one, quis, aliquis; one . . another, 
alius . . alius ; one . . the other, 
alter . . alter ; no one, nemo. 

Open (v.), aperio^ ui, apertum. 

Open (adj.), apertus ; be — , pateo? 

Opinion, sententia, ae, F. (31). 

Opportunity, ocedsio, onis, F. 

Or, aut, vel ; either . . or, aut (vel) 
. . . aut (vel) ; whether ... or, 
utrum . . . an. 

Oration, oratio, onis, F. 

Orator, orator, oris, M. 

Order, jubeo, 2 jussi, jus sum. 

Other, alius, a, ud ; — of two, 
alter ; of others, alienus, a, tim. 

Ought, debeo,* 1 ui, Hum. 

Our, noster, tra, trtim. 

Ourselves (emph.), ipsT (with 
verb in 1st pers. plur.); refl., nos. 

Owe, debeo, 2 ui, itum. 

Own, proprius, a, um ; suus or 
gen. of ipse (89). 

Ox, bos, bovis (d. plur. bobus). 



Pain, dolor, oris, M. (38). 
Pardon, ignosco, hidvi, notum (dat . ) . 
Parent, parens, tis, M. or F. 
Partner, socius, t, M. (29). 
Patience, patientia, ae, F. 
Pattern, forma, ae, F.; a little — , 
formula, ae, F. 



i8o 



Latin Method. 



Peace, pax, pdcis, F. 

People, populus, i, M.; common — , 

plebs, plebis, F. (85). 
Perform., fungor^/uncttts (abl.). 
Peril, periculum, T, M. 
Perish, pereo, Ire, ivi {it), Itum. 
Persuade, persuddeo, 2 si, sum 

(dat. and ut with subj.). 
Pestilence, pestis, is, F. 
Phalanx, phalanx, angis, F. (61). 
Philosopher, philosophus, t, F. 
Philosophy, philosophia, ae, F. 
Physician, medicus, 1, M. 
Pity, misereor, 2 misertus (gen.). 
Place, locus, 1, M. ; pi., loca, N. 
Plain (n.), campus, 1, M. (8). 
Plain (adj.), planus, aequus, a, um. 
Plan, consilium, T, N. (31). 
Plaything, ludibrium, 1, N. 
Please, placeo? ut, itum (dat.). 
Pleasing, grdlus, a, um. 
Plough, aro. 1 

Point (spot, place), locus, 1, M. 
Politics, res publica. 
Pompey, Pompeius, i t M. 
Poor, pauper, eris. 
Possession, take — of, occupol 
Poverty, paupertds, dtis, F. 
Power, potestds, dtis, F. ; potentia, 

ae, F. (88). 
Powerful, potens, tis. 
Powers, vires, virium, F. 
Praise (v.), laudo. 1 
Praise (n.), laus, laudis, F. (46). 
Prayer, precis, em, e (no nom.), F. 
Precept, praeceptum, 1, M. 
Prepare, paro. 1 
Prepared, pardtus, a, um. 
Presently, mox. 
Prevent, impedio 4 (with quominus 

or quin). 
Priam, son of, Priamides, is. 
Priest, sacerdos, dtis, c. 
Prisoner, captivus, 1, M. 



Proconsul, proconsul, is, M. 
Promise, promitto* mist, mis sum ; 

polliceor? citus (84). [et, F. 

Protection, praesidium, 1, N.; fides, 
Proud, superbus, a, um. 
Prove, probo. 1 
Province, provincia, ae, F. 
Providence, procidentia, ae, F. 
Punish, puniof castigo ; l sup- 

plicium sumere de (abl.). 
Puppy, catulus ; dim., catellus, 1, M. 
Put on, induo? uT, utum (on one's 

self, pass, with abl.) ; — to flight, 

fugo.l 

Q 

Quarrel, rixa, ae, F. 
Queen, regina, ae, F. 
Quite, prorsus, omnino, 

R. 

Race, gens, gentis, F. (50). 

Rampart, vallum, 1, N. 

Rarely, r aro. 

Ravage, vasto. 1 

Reach, pervenio,* vent, ventum (ad). 

Read, lego? legi, ledum. 

Heady, pardtus, a, um. 

Recall, revoco. 1 

Receive, accipio? cepi, ceptum (25). 

Reckon, puto, 1 existimo 1 (92). 

Reckoning, ratio, onis, F. 

Refuse, reciiso} nego. 1 

Regard, existimo, 1 diicd* (92). 

Region, locus, i, M. ; pi., loca, N. 

Reign, regno! 

Remain, maneo} mdnsi, mdnsum. 

Remarkable, Tnsignis, e; eximius. 

Remedy, remedium, 1, N. 

Remember, memini (§ 38, 1) ; im- 

perat., memento. 
Remote, remotus, longinquus, a, um. 



Vocabulary : English and Latin. 



181 



Remove, migro y 1 discedo, 3 cessi, 

cessiwi ; abeo (irr.). 
Reply, respondeo? di, sum. 
Report, renuntio. 1 
Republic, res publico, (§ 14, 2. d). 
Restrain, cohibeo? ui, itum. 
Return, r ever tor? sus. 
Reverence, reverentia, ae, F. 
Reward, praemium, i, N. (40). 
Rhine, Rhenus, i, M. 
Rhodes, Rhodus, 1, f. 
Rhone, Rhodanus, i, M. 
Rich, dives, divitis (p. 16) ; superl. 

more commonly ditissimus. 
Riches, divitiae, drum, F. (78). 
Right, jus, juris, N. (57) ; — hand, 

dextra (tera), ae, F. 
Ripe, mdturus, a, um. 
River, jlumen, inis, N. (49). 
Road, via, ae, F. (56). 
Robber, latro, onis, M. 
Robe, vestis, is, F. (99). 
Royal, regius, a, um. 
Rumor,/i»w, ae, F. (46). 
Run, curro? cucurri, cur sum. 



S. 



Sacred, sacer, era, crum. 

Sad, tristis, e. 

Safe, tiitus, a, um. 

Safety, saliis, iitis, F. 

Sagacious, sagdx, dcis. 

Sage, sapiens, tis. 

Sail (v.), ndvigo. 1 

Sake (for the sake of), causd. 

Salute, saluto. 1 

Same, idem, eadem, idem. 

Samnite, Samriis, itis. 

Sapling, sur cuius, i, M. 

Save, servo. 1 

Say, dico? dio, inquam (64). 

Scarcely, vix. 

Scream, cldmo. 1 



Sea, mare, maris, N. (6j). 
See, video? vidl, visum. 
Seek, quaero? sivi, situm (79). 
Seem, videor? vzsus. 
Seize, prehendo? di, sum. 
Self, emph., ipse ; refl., se, sui. 
Sell, vendo? didi, ditum. 
Senate, sendtus, us, M. 
Send, mitto, 3 misi, missum. 
Serious, gravis, e ; severus, a, um. 
Seriousness, gravitas, dtis ; sever- 

itds, dtis, F. 
Servant, servus, villicus, i, m. 
Serve, servio* (dat.). 
Set out, proficiscor 3 profectus. 
Severe, severus, a, um ; tristis, e. 
Severely, dcriter, graviter. 
Severity, severitds, dtis, F. 
Shade, shadow, umbra, ae, F. 
Shall, sign of fut. or imperat. 
Sharer, particeps, cipis. 
Sharp, aciltus, a, um. 
Sheep, ovis, is, F. 

Shepherd, pastor, oris, M. [(28). 
Shield, scutum, i, N. ; clipeus, i, m. 
Shining, fulgens, tis,; nitidus, a, 

um. 
Ship, ndvis, is, F. (73) ; belonging 

to — , ndvdlis, e. 
Short, brevis, e. 

Should, sign of mood or tense. 
Shoulder, humerus, i, M. 
Sicilian, Siculus, a, um. 
Sicily, Sicilia, ae, F. 
Sick, aegrotus, a, um. 
Sickly, morbidus, a, um. 
Sickness, morbus, i, M. 
Sides : on both — , utrimque ; on 

all — , undique. 
Sign, signum, i, N. 
Silence, silentium, i, N. 
Silly, stultus, a, um. 
Silver, argentum, i, N. 
Simple, simplex, ids. 



l82 



Latin Method. 



Since, cum (with subj.) ; quoniam. 

Sinew, nervus, i, M. 

Sinewy, nervosus, a, um. 

Sing, cano? cecini, cantum. 

Sister, soror y oris, F. 

Sit, sedeo, 2 sedi, sessum. 

Size, magnitudo, inis, F. 

Skilfully, scienter, prildenter. 

Skin, pellis, is, F. (34). 

Sky, caelum, 1, N. 

Slaughter, clddes, is, F. 

Slave, servus, t, M. 

Slay, inter jicio? feci, fee turn. 

Sleep, somnus, 1, M. 

Slender, te?iuis, e. 

Sluggard, igndvus, 1, M. (adj.). 

Small, parvus, a, um [minor, mini- 

Snow, nix, nivis, F. [mus). 

Snowy, nivosus, a, um. 

So, ita, sic ; so great, tantus ; so 

many, tot; so . . . as, tarn . . . 

quam ; so long, tamdiii. 
Society, societds, dtis, F. 
Soft, mollis, e. 
Softness, mollitia, ae, F. 
Soldier, miles, itis, M. ; belonging 

to — , militdris, e. 
Soldiership, res militdris. 
Some time, aliquando ; (duration), 

aliquamdiu. 
Son, filius, 1, M. ; voc.,/f/f. 
Song, cantus, us, M. ; (the words), 

carmen, inis, N. (27). 
Soon, mox ; as — as, simul atque. 
Sorrow, dolor, oris ; luctus, us, M. 
Sorrowing, maestus, a, um. [(38). 
Sorry : to be — , doleo, 2 ui ; I am 

— , me paenitet ; aegre fero (with 

quod or ace. and infin.). 
Sound, in general, sonus, 1, M. ; — 

of voice, vox, vocis, F. ; — of 

arms, &c, sonitus, us, M. (97). 
Sour, ace7'bus, a, um. 
South-east wind, Eurus, I, m. 



Spain, Hispania, ae, F. [(81). 

Spare, parco* peperci, parcitum 
Speak, loquor? lociltus (odor cum). 
Spear, hasta, ae, F. (16). 
Speech, contio (ordtio), dnis, F. ; 

sermo, onis, M. 
Speed, celeritds, dtis, F. 
Spirited, fords, e. 
Spoil, praeda, ae, F. 
Spring (v.), salio,* ui, saltum. 
Spring (n.), ver, veris, N. 
Sprung, ortus (part, of orior). 
Spur, calcar, dris, N. 
Stag, cervus, t, M. 
Stand, sto, 1 steti, statum. 
Standard, signum, T, N. 
Star, stella, ae, F. 
State, civitds, dtis, F. 
Stature, statura, ae, F. 
Stir up, cieo, 2 civi, citum. 
Stock, stirps, stirpis, F. 
Stoic, Stoicus, 1, M. 
Stone, lapis, idis, M. (59). 
Storm, hiems, is, F. ; tempestas, dtis. 
Stout (thick-set), crassus, a, um. 
Stream, flmnen, inis, N. (49). 
Strength, vires, ium, F., plur. 
Strive (to do a thing), nitor 

(enitor), nisus ; (contend), certo ; l 

contendo? di, turn. 
Strong, validus, a, um. 
Sudden, subitus, a, um. 
Suffer, patior? passus. 
Sullen, morosus, a, um. 
Summer, aestds, dtis, F. ; adj., aes- 

tivus, a, um. 
Sun, sol, solis, M. 
Sunset, solis ocedsus, us. 
Superior, praestdntior, us. [um. 
Superstitious, super stitiosus, a, 
Support (means), coliimen, inis, N. 
Svippose, puto 1 (or subj., p. 100). 
Sure, certus, a, um. 
Surname, cognomen, inis, N. (74). 



Vocabulary: English and Latin. 



183 



Sustain, sustineo? uT i tentum. 
Swan, cygmisy i, M. 
Sweet, dulcis, sudvis, e (41). 
Sweetness, suavitds, dtis, F. 
Swift, velox, ocis ; celer, eris f ere. 
Swine, sus, suis, c. 
Sword, gladius, z, M. 



T. 



Take, capio* cepT, captum (25). 

Talent, talentum, i, N. 

Tall, procerus, a, um. 

Task, opus, eris, n. (58). 

Teach, doceo,^ uT, doctum. 

Teaching, means of, documenttun. 

Tell, nuntio y 1 dico, 3 xi, ctum ; — 
a lie, mentior.^ 

Temper, animus, t, m. (13). 

Tempest, tempestds, dtis, F. 

Temple, temphtm, t, N. 

Tend, euro. 1 

Terrify, terreo? ui, itum. 

Territory, fines, ium, M. (plur.). 

Terror, terror, oris ; metus, us, M.; 
be in — , trepido ; l there is — , 
trepiddtur. 

Than, quam (or abl. after comp.). 

That, Me, ilia, Mud ; conj., quod ; 
purpose, tit (subj. ) ; — not, quin. 

Themselves, see Self. 

Then (at that time), turn ; (there- 
upon), deinde. [estne? 

There, ibi ; there is, est ; is there ? 

Therefore, itaque, igitur. 

Thin, tenuis, e ; gracilis, e (44). 

Thing, res, rei, F. ; good things, 
bona, N. 

Think, puto ; l (reflect), cogito. 1 

Thinness, tenuitds, dtis, F. 

This, hie, haec, hoc (p. 19 : 52). 

Those, HIT, ae, a. 

Threatening, mindx } dcis. 

Thrice, ter. 



Through, /<?r (ace.) ; abl. (cause). 

Throughout, express by totus. 

Thunderbolt,/^/;;^;/, inis, N.(75). 

Thus, ita, sic. 

Time, tempus, oris, N;; for some 
— , aliquamdiu ; times, see p. 22. 

Timorous,/flw'^, a, um. 

To, of motion, ad (ace.) ; of rela- 
tion, dat. ; before a verb, infin. 

To-day, ho die ; adj., hodiemus. 

Tomb, sepulcrum, i, N. 

To-morrow, eras ; adj., crdsliuus, 
a, um. 

Tongue, lingua, ae, F. 

Too much, nimis, nimium. 

Tooth, dens, dentis, M. 

Town, oppidwn, 1, N. (98). 

Tra,y,fe7'culum, i, N. 

Treat, euro. 1 

Tree, arbor, oris, F. (15). 

Tribune, tribiinus, i, M. 

Trophy, tropaeum, 1, N. 

Troy, Troja, ae, F. 

True, verus, a, um. 

Truly, recte. 

Truth, veritds, dtis, F. 

Try, experior,* expertus. 

Trying, means of, experimentum. 

Tusk, dens, dentis, M. 



U. 



Ulysses, Ulixes, is or T. 
Under, sub (ace. or abl.). 
Uncertain, iiicertus, a, um. [(25). 
Undertake, suscipio, 3 cepi, ceptinn 
Uneasy, sollicitus, a, um. [erum. 
Unhappy, infelix, icis ; miser, era, 
Unless, nisi. 

Untimely, immdtiirus, a, um. 
Unworthy, indignus, a, um (abl.). 
Upon, in (ace or abl.). 
Use (v.), iitor, 3 iisus. 
Use (n.), iitilitds, dtis f F. 



184 



Latin Method. 



Vain : in — , frustrd. 

Valiant, strenuus ; fortis, e. 

Valor, virtus, litis, F. 

Vast, ingens, tis (65). 

Very, expr. by superl. ox per-. 

Vespasian, Vespasidnus, 2, M. 

Vile, vitium, i. N. 

Victor, victorious, victor, trix. 

Victory, victoria , ae, F. 

Vine, vitis, is, F. 

Violent, violens, ingens, entis. 

Virtue, virtus, Utis, F. 

Voice, vox, vocis, F. 

W. 

Wake, vigilo. 1 
Walk, ambulo. 1 
Wall, miirus, 1, M. 
Wanton : to be — , ludo? lascivioA 
War, bellum, 1, N. (22). 
Warlike, bellicdsus, a, um. 
Warn, moneo (admoneo), 2 ui, itum. 
Watching, vigildns, tis. 
Water, aqua, ae, F. 
Way, via, ae, F. (56). 
We, nos (expr. only for emphasis). 
Wealth, divitiae, drum, F. (78). 
Weary : I am — , me taedet, uit. 
Weep, fleol 1 flevT, fletum. 
What, quod, id quod ; interr. quid? 
Whatever, quicquid (quidquid). 
When, ubi, cum (see p. 106). 
Where, ubi. [an. 

Whether, an ; — . . or, utrum . . 
Which ? quis ? — of two, titer ? 
While, cum; dum (pres. indie.). 
Where, torqueo? torsi, tortum. 
Who, which, qui, quae, quod. 
Who ? what ? quis, quae, quid ? 
Wholly, omnino. 
Why, cur, quamobrem. 
Wicked., improbus, a, um (66). 



Wild, ferns, a, um ; agrestis, e. 
Will (v.), volo, velle,z>olul (or fut.). 
Will (n.), voluntas, dtis, F. 
Wind, ventus, 1, M. (19). 
Winter, hiem s (hiemps), is, F.; adj., 

hibernus, a, um ; — quarters, hi- 

berna, drum, N. pi. 
-Wing, dla, ae, F.; of army, cor nil, N. 
Wisdom, sapientia, ae, F. 
Wise, sapiens, tis. 
Wish, volo, velle, voluT ; cupid* (33). 
With (accompaniment), cum ; in- 

strum., express by abl. 
Within, intra (ace) ; abl. of time. 
Without, sine (abl.). 
Wolf, lupus, 1, M. ; lupa, ae, F. 
Woman, mulier, eris, F. 
Wonder, mTrorl 
Wood (forest), silva, ae, F. (96). 
Word, verbum, 1, N. 
Work, opus, eris, N. (58). 
Worse, pejor, us. 

Worship, adoro; 1 colo? ui, cidtum. 
Wound (v.), vulner.o. 1 
Wound (n.), vulnus, eris, N. 
Wounded, vulneratus, a, um. 
Wreath, coroita, ae, F. ; sertum, i, N. 
Wrath, ira, ae ; irdcundia, ae, F. 
Wretched, miser, era, erum. 
Write, scribo, z psi, ptum. 
Wrong : to do — , pecco ; l — is 

done, pecedtur (impers. ). 
Wrong (n.), injuria, ae, F. ; to do 

a — , injur iam infer re. 



Year, annus, 1, M. 
Yesterday, eras ; adj., crdstinus. 
Yet, tamen ; not — , nondum. 
You, tic, vos ; Your, tuus, vester. 
Young man (youth), juvenis, is ; 

adolescens, tis, M. 
Youth, juventiis, tutis, F. 



VOCABULARY. 



No. II. — LATIN AND ENGLISH. 

The figures in parenthesis refer to the List of Synonymes. 



a, ab (abl.), from, away from, 
by; in compos., away, off(i). 

abdo, 3 ere, didi, ditum, to put 
away, hide (2). 

abeo, ire, ii, itum, go away (3). 

abfero (aufero), ferre, abstuli, ab- 
latum, bear away. 

abhorreo, 2 ere, ui, shrink away, 
hold aloof. 

abies, etis, F., fir-tree. 

abjicio 3 (abicio), ere, jecT, jec- 
tum, throw away, cast down. 

Aborigines, um, plur. M., the 
early inhabitants of Italy. 

abripio 3 [rapio], ere, ripuT, rep- 
tum, snatch or drag away. 

abscedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, 
move off, withdraw. 

absens, tis (part, of absum), 
absent. 

absentia, ae, F., absence. 

absolvo, 3 ere, solvl, solutum, 
acquit, relieve of an obligation 
or burden, pay off, complete. 

abstineiis, tis, abstinent, tem- 
perate; part, of 

abstineo' 2 [teneo], ere, tinuT, ten- 
turn, to hold off, refrain. 

absum, esse, ful, to be absent ; 
non multum abest quin, it is 
not far [from being the case] 
that. 

abundo, 1 are, avT, atum, to over- 
flow, abound. 

abutor, 1, usus, to abuse, take 
advantage of. 

ac (atque), and, as. 

accedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, 
move up to, approach, be added 
(with ut, = and besides). 



accendo, 3 ere, di, sum, kindle, 
inflame. 

accido 3 [cado], ere, cidi, befall, 
happen (4). 

accingo, 3 ere, nxi, nctum, gird, 
brace up. 

accipio 3 [capio], ere, cepi, cep- 
tum, receive, accept (25). 

accurro, 3 ere, curri, or cucurri, 
cursum, to rim up to. 

accusator, oris, M., accuser, pub- 
lic prosecutor. 

accuso [ad, causa], 1 are, avi, 
atum, to accuse. 

acer, acris, acre, sharp, eager. 

acerbus, a, um, sharp, sour. 

acidulus, a ; um, rather sour. 

acidus, a, um, sour. 

acies, el, F., edge, eyesight ; the 
battle-array of an army (5). 

acriter (acrius, acerrime), sharp- 
ly, eagerly ; acrius, too eagerly. 

acus, us, F., needle. 

acutus, a, um, sharps keen. 

ad (ace), to, at, towards, about 
(to the number of), for, near; 
in comp., in, upon, to, with. 

adclamo, 1 are, avT, atum, to cry 
out at. 

adcumbo, 3 ere, cubuT, cubitum, 
recline or sit near (at table). 

addo, 3 ere, didi, ditum, add. 

adduco, 3 ere, xl, ctum, bring, 
draw to (a thing), induce. 

adeo, so (to that degree). 

adeo, ire, ii, itum, go to, ap- 
proach. 

adeptus, a, um, gamed, or hav- 
iug gained (part, of adi- 
piscor 3 ). 



i86 



Latin Method. 



adfero, ferre, tuli, latum, bear to, 

bring. 
adficio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, affect 

with ; — supplicio, to punish; 

— honoribus, to reward with 

honors. 
adflicto, 1 are, avi, atum, dash 

about violently, afflict. 
adfligo, 2 ere, flixi, flictum, dash 

against. 
adhibeo, 2 ere, uT, itum, apply, 

furnish, etnploy. 
adhuc, hitherto, till now. 
adimo, 3 ere, emi, emptum, take 

away. 
adipiscor, 3 ci, adeptus, reach, 

attain. 
aditus, us, M., access, approach, 

entrance. 
adjumentum, T, N , aid, help. 
adjungo, 3 ere, nxi, nctum, to 

join, annex. 
adlatus, see adfero. 
adloquor, 3 loqul, locutus, speak 

to, address, 
administro, 1 are, avi, atum, 

serve, supply, perform, direct, 
admiratio, onis, F., ad?7iiration. 
admlror, 1 arl, atus. to admire. 
admodum, to a degree, quite, 
admoneo, 2 ere, ui, itum, ad- 
monish. 
admoveo, 2 ere, movl, motum, 

move towards. 
adolescens, adolescentia, see 

adulescens, &c- 
adorior, 4 iri, adortus, attack, 

accost. 
adpeto, 3 ere, IvI, Ttum, aim at, at- 
tack, seek, long for, approach. 
adrepo, 3 ere, psT, ptum, creep 

towards. 
adrideo, 2 ere, risT, risum, smile 

at (in token of good humor). 
adscendo, 3 ere, di, sum, mount, 

ascend. 
adscensus, us, M., ascent. 
adsentior, 4 iri, sens us, agree 

with, assent to. 
adsequor, 3 qui, secutus, follow 

close, come up with, reach (95). 



adspectus, us, M., aspect, view, 

adspicio, 3 ere, spexi, spectum, 
look at, view. [hand. 

adsum, esse, fui, be present, at 

adulatio, onis, F., fawning, 
flattery. 

adulescens, tis, M., young man 
(properly, from 17 to 30). 

adulescentia, ae, F., youth, 
early jnanhood. 

advento, 1 are, avi, atum, come to, 
approach. 

adventus, us, M. ? coming, ap- 
proach. 

adversus (ace), turned towards, 
against. 

adversus, a, urn, famed to, op- 
posite, in front, adverse. 

adverto, 3 ere, vertl, versum, 
turn to; animum adverto, turn 
the mind to, 7iotice. 

ad vesper ascit, 3 ere, avit, to ap- 
proach evening, grow late. 

aedes, is, F., temple j plur., 
hozise (39). 

aedificium, 1, N., building, edi- 
fice. 

aedifico, 1 are, avi, atum, build, 
erect. 

aeger, gra, grum, sick, weary j — 
pedibus, lame. 

aemulus, 1, m., rival. 

Aeneas, ae, M., sEneas, son of 
Anchises and Venus, a prince 
of Troy. 

Aeolus, 1, m., s&olus, god of 
Winds. 

aequaiis, e, of the same or equal 
age (6). 

aequitas, atis, F., equity, justice, 
calmness. 

aequo, ! are, avi, atum, make 
equal. 

aequor, oris, N., level, sea (67). 

aequus, a, um, level, even, equal, 
just (6). 

aer, aeris (ace. aera), m., air. 

aerumna, ae, f., grief (38). 

aerumnosus, a, um,fullofgrief. 

aes, aeris, N., copper, money. 

aestas, atis, F., sutnmer. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



187 



aestimo, 1 are, avi, atum, value, 
esteem, reckon. 

aestlvus, a, urn, summer (adj.), 
of summer, 

aestuo, 1 are, avi, atum, to boil 
up, seethe, surge, suffer heat. 

aestus, us, M., surge, tide, heat: 

aetas, atis, F., age, period of 
life (7). 

aeternitas, atis, F., eternity ', im- 
mortality. 

Aetna, ae, F., Mount Etna. 

aevum, 1, n., age, period, lapse 
of time (7). 

afficio 3 [ad facio], see adficio. 

affirmo, are, avi, atum, confirm, 
strengthen. 

affligo, 3 see adfligo. 

Africanus, 1, m., a title of P. 
Scipio, as conqueror of Car- 
thage, and of his grandson 
by adoption as its destroyer. 

Agamemnon, onis (ace. ona), 
Agamemnon, king of the 
Greeks at Troy. 

ager, agri, m., field, territory (8). 

Agesilaus,!, m., a king of Sparta. 

aggredior, 3 dl, gressus, ap- 
proach, attack, undertake. 

agito, 1 are, avi, atum, drive, 
move, stir, agitate, j>ass, hunt. 

agmen, inis, N., band, troop (5). 

agna, ae, F., ewe- lamb. 

agnosco 3 [ad, gno], noscere, 
novl, nitum, to recognize. 

agnus, I, m. ; agna, ae, F., lamb. 

ago, 3 agere, egi, actum, to lead, 
do, drive; agere gratias, thank. 

agrestis, e, wild, rustic, rude. 

agricola, ae, M., farmer. 

agricultura, ae, ¥., agriculture. 

aheneus, a, urn, brazen, of brass. 

am, for aisne, do you say so? 

aio (defect.), say 2 say yes (64). 

Ajax, acis, M., Ajax, a Grecian 
hero. 

ala, ae, F., wing (61). 

alacritas, atis, f., activity, eager- 
ness, alacrity. 

Albanus, a, um, of Alba, a town 
near Rome. 



albeo, 2 ere, to be white. 

albus, a, um, white (9). 

alea, ae, F., die (of a pair of 
dice), hazard. 

ales, itis, c, winged creature, 
bird (21). 

Alexander, dri, m., Alexander, 
king of Macedonia, conqueror 
of Asia. 

algeo, 2 ere, alsT, to be or endure 
cold. 

algor, oris, M., cold (the feeling). 

alias, otherwise, elsewhere, at 
any other time. 

alienus, a, um, belonging to an- 
oth er, foreig7i, oth ers' . 

aliger, gera, winged. 

alimentum, 1, n., food; pi. kinds 
of food. 

aliquamdiu,jfor some time. 

aliquando, at some time, some- 
times, at length. 

aliquis, qua, quod, or quid (p. 21), 
some, some one. 

aliquo, to some place. 

aliquot, some, several, a num- 
ber of 

aliter, otherwise. 

alius, a, ud (p. 7), other, another; 
al. . . al., one . . another. 

almus, a, um, cherishing, be- 
nignant. 

alo, 3 alere , alui, alitum, /*^/, keep 
(of animals). 

Alpes, ium, F., the Alps. 

altaria, ium, N. plur., altars. 

alter, tera, terum (p. 7), other 
(of two), second, the other; 
alter . . alter, the one, the other. 

altercor, 1 ari, atus, quarrel, dis- 
pute. 

alternus, a, um, alternate. 

altitudo, dinis, F., height, depth. 

altus, a, um, high, deep (10). 

alumnus, 1, M., foster-child. 

alveus, T, m., river-channel. 

amabilis, e, lovely. 

amans, tis, loving, fond (amo). 

amarus, a, um, bitter. 

ambages, um, F. plur., obscurity 
(dark hints) ; also in abl. sing. 



i88 



Latin Method. 



ambitus, us, M., circuit, going 
around. 

ambo, ae, o (p. 7), both. 

ambulatio, onis, F., a walk. 

ambulo, 1 are, avi, atum, to walk. 

aniens, tis, distracted, insane. 

amicitia, ae, F., friendship. 

amicus, a, urn, friendly, fond. 

amicus, 1, m., a friend. 

amitto, 3 ere, niisi, missum, to 
lose (83). 

amo, 1 are, avi, atum, to love (11). 

amoenus, 2Ljxm, pleasant, charm- 
ing (to the eye : 41). 

amor, oris, M., love. 

amplitudo, inis, F., fulness, 
gra?ideur. 

amplius, mo?'e (§ 54, 5. c). 

am plus, a, um, full, abundant, 
grand, large (65). 

amputo, 1 are, avi, atum, prune 
away, cut off. 

Amulius, 1, M., Amulius, king 
of Alba. 

an, whether, or (sign of interr.). 

Anacharsis, is, M., a philoso- 
phical Scythian. 

anas, anatis, c, duck, 

Anchises, ae, M., Anchises, 
father of i^Eneas. 

ancilla, ae, F., handmaid (fern, 
of servus, slave). 

ancora, ae, F., anchor. 

ango, 3 ere, nxi, nctum, to choke, 
distress. 

anguis,is, C, snake, serpent(\2). 

angulus, 1, M., corner. 

angustus, a, um, narrow. 

anima, ae, F., breath, life (13). 

animadverto 3 [animum adverto], 
ere, tl, sum, to perceive. 

animal, alis, N., animal (14). 

animus, 1, M., 7nind, soul, cour- 
a g e ( r 3); animum adverto 
(ace), perceive. 

anniversarius, a, um, yearly, 

annona, ae, F., the grain-crop 
(year's growth), grain (in mar- 
ket), price of grain (94). 

annus, 1, m., year. 

annuu3. a, um, yearly. 



ante (ace), before (prep, and 
adv.) ; ante . . quam, before 
(rel. adv.) ; non ante . . . 
quam, not . , . until; ante 
duas horas, two hours ago. 

antecapio, 3 ere, cepi, captum, 
anticipate. 

antecedo, 3 ere, cessT, cessum, 
precede, walk in front, excel. 

antepono, 3 ere, posui, positum, 
set before, prefer. 

Antiochia, ae, F., Antioch, a 
city of Syria. 

antiquitas, atis, F., antiquity. 

antiquus, a, um, ancient (100) . 

Antonius, 1, m., Antony, a Ro- 
man family name. 

antrum, 1, N., cave, grotto. 

anulus, T, M., ring, bracelet. 

apage (def.), away I begone / 

aper, apri, M., boar. 

aperio, 4 ire, uT, aper turn, open, 
uncover, disclose (80) ; aperi 
caput, take off your hat. 

apertus, a, um (part, of preced- 
ing), opeiied, open. 

apiarium.i, n., bee-house, apiary. 

apis, is, F., bee. 

Apollo, inis, M., Apollo, god ot 
music and art. 

appareo, 2 ere, uT, itum, appear. 

apparo, 1 are, avi, atum, to 7nake 
ready. 

appello, 1 are. avi, atum, call. 

appeto, 3 (see adpeto). 

approbatio, onis. F., approval. 

approbo, 1 are, avi, atum, ap- 
prove. 

apto, 1 are, avi, atum,y£/, adapt. 

aptus, a, um, fitted, fit. 

apud (ace), at, near, among, 
with, in (of authors). 

aqua, ae, F., water, spring. 

aquaticus, a, um, of the water; 
M. or F. plur., water-fowl. 

aquatio, ofiis, F., watering-place, 

aquila, ae, F., eagle (the Roman 
standard). 

Aquilo, onis, M., Aquilo (the 
North wind), the North. 

Arabs, Arabis, Arabian. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



189 



Arar, aris, m., a river in Gaul 

(the Saone) . 
arator, oris, m., ploughman, 
aratrum, 1, N., plough. 
Aratus, Aratus, a Greek poet. 
arbitror, 1 arl, atus, judge, think, 

suppose (92). 
arbor (6s), oris, F., tree (15). 
arbustum, 1, N., orchard (1$). 
Arcadius, 1, a man's name. 
arceo, 2 ere, arcui, to shut off, 

restrain. 
Archelaus, T, m., a man's name. 
Archias, ae, Archias, m., a poet, 
arcus, us, M., a bow. 
ardens, tis (participle of ardeo), 

blazing. 
ardeo, 2 ere, arsi, arsum, blaze, 

burn. 
ardor, oris, M., heat, warmth. 
arduus, a, um, steep, difficult. 
area, ae, F., open space, area, 

court-yard. 
argentarius, a, um, pertaining to 

silver or money j argentarius, 

a 7noney lender; argentaria, 

(sc. res), banking business. 
argentum, 1, N., silver. 
argumentum, 1, n., argument. 
arguo, 3 ere, ui, iitum, to assert, 

declare, accuse. 
arista, ae, f., wheat-ear, harvest. 
Aristoteles, is, M., Aristotle, a 

Greek philosopher. 
arma, orum, N., arms, weapons j 

ad arma, to war ; in armis, 

under arms (16). 
armatus, a, um, armed; pi., 

armed men. 
aro, 1 are, avi, atum, plough. 
ars, artis, F., art, skill (17). 
arte (tins, tissime), closely. 
articulatim (te), articulately . 
artifex, ficis, M., artist, artisan, 

workman. 
artus, us, M., joint, limb (dat. pi. 

ubus) . 
arundo, inis, F., reed, stick. 
arvum, T, N. [aro], a Jield for 

tillage (8). 
arx, arc is, F., tower, citadel. 



Ascanius, 1, m., son of >Eneas. 
ascensus, us, M. (see ad- 

scensus). 
asinus, 1, m., ass, do7ikey. 
aspectus, us, m., sight, view, 

aspect. 
asper, era, erum, rough, harsh, 

sharp. 
aspernor, 1 ari, atus, spurn, scorn. 
aspis, idis, F., asp (a poisonous 

serpent). 
asporto 1 [abs, porto], are, avi, 

atum, carry off. 
astrologia, ae, F., astronomy 

(knowledge of the stars). 
astrum, 1, n., star, heavenly 

body. 
asylum, 1, n., asylum, refuge. 
at, but, but yet, still. 
ater, atra, atrum, black (9). 
Athenae, arum^^^^j-, the most 

famous city of Greece. 
Atlas, an tis, M., Atlas, a Titan, 

changed to a mountain. 
atque (ac), and, as, a?id even. 
Atreus, eos or 1 (p. 5), m., Atreus, 

father of Agamemnon. 
Atrides, ae, m., son of Atreus. 
atrox, ocis, fierce, cruel (93). 
attendo, 3 ere, df, turn, stretch 

towards, attend, listen. 
attentus, a, um, attentive. 
attingo 3 [tango], tingere, tig!, 

tactum, touch on, touch, reach. 
attonitus, a, um, thunders fruck. 
auctoritas, atis, F., authority. 
auctumnus, 1, m., autumn (from 

augeo, the increase of har- 
vest). 
audacia, ae, F., boldness (usually 

in a bad sense). 
audax, acis, bold, daring. 
audeo, 2 audere, ausus sum, dare, 

venture (1 8). 
audio, 4 Ire, IvT, Ttum, hear. 
auditio, onis, F., hearsay. 
aufero [ab, fero], auferre, abs- 

tull, ablatum, bear away, re- 

7nove. 
augeo, 2 augere, auxl, auctum, 

to increase, enlarge. 



190 



Latin Method. 



augur, uris, M., augur (inter- 
preter of omens). 

augur or, 1 an, atus, to interpret 
omens, interpret, predict. 

aula, ae, F., hall. 

aura, ae, F., breeze, air (19). 

aureus, a, um, golden, of gold. 

auriga, ae, c, drive? ; charioteer, 

auris, is, F., ear. 

auritus, a, um, having ears. 

aurum, 1, N.,gold. 

auster, tri, m., the south wind. 

ausus, a, um, part, of audeo. 2 

aut, or; aut . . aut, either . . or. 

autem, but, however, now, more- 
over. 

avaritia, ae, F., avarice, greed. 

avarus, a, um, greedy, avari- 
cious (20). 

averto, 3 ere, tl, sum, to turn 
away, avert. 

avis, is, F., bird (2 1). 

avoco, 1 are, avi, atum, to call 
away. 

avolo, 1 are, avi, atum, to fly 
away. 

auxilium, T, n., aid, help. 

axis, is, m., axle, axis (of the 
earth). 



balneum, T, N., bath; plural, ae, 

arum, F. 
balo,' are, avi, atum, to bleat. 
barba, ae, F., beard. 
barbarus, a, um, barbarian (93). 
beatus, a, um, blessed, happy, 

wealthy (47). 
Belga, ae, m., a Belgian. 
Bellerophonn ontis, M., a hero 

of Greek fable, slayer of the 

Chimcera. 
bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 
bellicus, a. um, warlike. 
bellum, T, n., war (22). 
bellus, a, um, pretty, fine (91). 
belua, ae, f., beast, monster, 

strange animal (14). 
bene, well. 



benefacio, 3 facere, feci, factum ; 

pass.,benefio, do good, benefit. 
beneficium, 1, n., a kindness, 

benefit; favor, gift (40). 
benevolentia, ae, F., good will, 

kindness. 
bestia, ae, F., animal, beast, 

brute (14). 
Bias, antis, m., a Greek philo- 
sopher. 
bibo, 3 ere, bibi, itum, to drink. 
biennium, 1, N., a period of two 

years, 
bis, twice. 

blandimentum, T, N., flattery. 
bonus, a, um, good, kind (23). 
Boreas, ae, M., the North wind, 

north. 
bos, bo vis (p. 14), c, ox, cow; 

plur. cattle. 
brachium (bracchium), i, N., arm 

(properly the fore-arm ; com- 
pare lacertus). 
brevis, e, short; brevi, in a short 

time. 
Britannia, ae, F., Britain. 
Britannus, a, um, British, a 

Briton. 
Brundisium, 1, N., a seaport in 

the S. E. of Italy, 
bub ulcus, T, m., a ploughman, 

herdsma?i. 



C, initial for Gains (Caius). The 
spelling Gaius is the correct 
one, but is not usually pre- 
served in English. 

cad, fall (cado, accido). 

cado, 3 cadere, cecidl, casumflall. 

caeco, 1 are, avi, atum, to make 
blind. 

caecus, a, um, blind. 

caedes, is, F., destruction, muti- 
lation, slaughter (24). 

caedo, 3 caedere, cecidl, caesum, 
fell, cut down, kill, beat. 

caelum, 1, n. ; pi. caeli, orum, 
M., sky, heaven, climate. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



191 



Caepio, onis, M., a man's name. 

Caesar, aris, M., Ccesar. 

caesarie3, el, F., head of hair, 
locks. 

calamitas, atis, F., a calamity 
(originally a hailstorm, which 
beats down stalks of grain). 

calamus, T, M,, stalk, reed, pen. 

calco, 1 are, avi, atum, to tram- 
ple, tread, travel. 

caleo, 2 ere, ui, be hot or warm. 

calesco, 3 ere, grow hot or warm. 

calidus, a, urn, hot. 

calix, icis, M., cup. 

callidus, a, um, cunning. 

calo, onis, M., camp-servant. 

campus, 1, m., field, plain (8). 

can, sing (caiio 3 ). 

candens (part, of candeo), tis, 
glowing, hot. 

candidus, a, um, white, bright (9). 

canis, is, c. ; gen. pi., um, dog. 

Canius, T, m., a proper name. 

Cannae, arum, F., Carina, 2. 
town in S. E. Italy, where the 
Romans were defeated by Han- 
nibal, B.C. 216. 

cano, 3 ere, cecinT, cantum, sing, 
crow, sound, play (on an in- 
strument). 

canorus, a, um, clear-voiced, 
?ne I odious. 

cantillo, 1 are, sing feebly, chirp. 

canto, 1 are, avi, atum, sing. 

cantus, us, M., song, chant (27). 

canus, a, um, white, hoary (9) ; 
pi., cani, gray hair. 

CAP, take (capio, accipio). 

capax, acis, capacious, roomy. 

caper, capri, M., goat. 

capesso, 3 ere, Ivi, Itum, take 
hold of, seize, grasp. 

capillus, 1, M., hair. 

capio, 3 ere, cepi, captum, take, 
catch (25) ; captus oculis, blind. 

Capitolium, 1, n., the Capitol, 3. 
hill in Rome. 

capra (more commonly capella), 
ae, F., she-goat. 

capto, 1 are, avi. atum, to catch 
at, seize, reach eagerly for. 



Capua, ae, F., a town of South 

Italy, near Naples. 
caput, capitis, N., head, chief 

(town, dish, &c). 
career, eris, M., prison, dungeon. 
careo, 2 ere, ui, itum, to be free, 
be relieved (of annoyance), do 

without, be destitute (26) . 
caritas, atis, F., dearness, both 

as affection and as high price. 
carmen, inis, N., song (27). 
caro, carnis, F., flesh, meat. 
Carolus, I, M., Charles. 
Carthago, inis, F., Carthage, a 

city of N. Africa, long an 

enemy of Rome, 
casa, ae, f., cottage. 
Cassandra, ae, F., a daughter of 

Priam, inspired with prophecy. 
casses, ium, M., hunting-net. 
Cassius, 1, m., one of the con- 

spiiators against Caesar, 
castanea, ae, F., chestnut. 
castellum, 1, N.,fort. 
castra, 6 rum, N. pi., camp. 
castrensis, e, of the camp. 
casus, us, m., downfall, chance, 

accident (cado). 
catellus, I, m., little puppy. 
catena, ae, F., chain. 
Catillna, ae, M., Catiline. 
Cato, onis, m., a Roman name, 
catulus, 1, m., whelp, puppy. 
caula, ae, F., a sheep-fold, stall. 
causa, ae, F., cause, motive; 

causa, for the sake of. 
caveo, 2 ere, cavl, cautum, to 

beware ; to be on one's guard; 

cave, with pres. subj. (used in 

prohibitions), don't. 
cecidi, see cado. 
cecidi, see caedo. 
cecini, see cano. 
cedo, 3 ere, cessl, cessum, move, 

?nove away, yield, retire, re- 
sign, be inferior. 
celeber, bris, bre, thronged, cele- 
brated, numerous . 
celebro, are, avi, atum, to 

throng, celebrate. 
celer, eris, ere, swift. 



192 



Latin Method. 



celeritas, atis, F., swiftness. 

celeriter, swiftly. 

celo, 1 are, avl, atum (with two 

ace), hide, cover (2). 
celsus, a, um, lofty (10). 
cena, ae, F., dinner (36). 
ceno, 1 are, avl, atum, dine, sup. 
censeo, 2 ere, sui, sum, estiinate, 

reckon (92). 
censor, oris, m., censor {z. Roman 

magistrate). 
census, us, M., census, a register 

and valuation of citizens. 
cencesimus, a, um, hundredth. 
centum, a hundred. 
cera, ae, F., wax; pi., wax tablets 

(for writing). 
Ceres, eris, F., Ceres, goddess 

of grain and harvest, 
cereus, a, um, waxen. 
cerno, 3 ere, crevi, cretum or cer- 

tum, distinguish, descry, decide. 
certamen, inis, N., contest, 

rivalry. 
certatim, emulously. 
certe, surely, at any rate. 
certiorem facere, to inform one. 
certo, certainly. 
certo, 1 are, avl, atum, decide, 

vie, strive, contend (90.) 
certum est, /"/ is resolved. 
certus, a, um (part, of cerno), 

decided, certain, sure, resolved. 
cervix, Tcis (f. ; generally plur.), 

neck, shoulders. 
cervus, 1, m., stag. 
cespes, itis, m., turf. 
cesso, 1 are, avl, atum, cease. 
[ceterus], a, um (masc. sing, not 

used), other, the rest. 
Chrysippus, 1, m., Chrysippus, 

a Stoic philosopher. 
cibus, 1, M.,food (36). 
cicada, ae, F., tree-locust, katy- 
did. 
Cicero, onis, M., Cicero. 
ciconia, ae, F., stork. 
cieo, 2 ere, civi, citum, to rouse, 

stir. 
Cinna, ae, M., a Roman name, 
circa, about, around (ace). 



circiter, (adv. or prep.), about. 
circum-aro, 1 to plough around. 
circunicido, 3 ere, cidi, clsum, 

to cut or trim around. 
circumcisus, a, um, cut off all 

aromid. 
circumdo, 1 dare, dedi, datum, 

to put round. 
circum-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, to 

cast around. 
circumplico, 1 are, avl, atum, 

fold or wrap round, surround. 
circumsedeo, 2 ere, sedi, to sit 

round, besiege. 
circumspecto, 1 are, avl, atum, 

to look round upon. 
circus, 1, m., circus (for exhi- 
bitions, races, &c). 
citatus, a, um, hastening, stirred. 
civilis, e,ofa citizen, civil. 
civis, is, c, citizen; — meus, my 

fellow-citizen. 
civitas, atis, F., city, state (as 

organized commonwealth : 98). 
clades, is, F., massacre, loss (24). 
clamito, 1 are, avl, atum, to shout, 

call (freq. of clamo 1 ). 
clamor, oris, M., shout, scream, 

cry (97). [loud. 

clarus, a, um, bright, fa?nous, 
classicum, 1, n., trumpet- signal. 
classis, is, F., fleet. 
Claudius, 1, m., Claudius, a Ro- 
man family name, 
claudus, a, um, lame. 
Clemens, tis , merciful, gentle. 
dementia, ae, F., mercy. 
cliens, tis , c, client, dependant. 
clipeus, 1, m., shield (28). 
cloaca, ae, F., dram, sewer. 
Clusinus, a, um, of Clusium. 
Cn. for Gnaeus or Cneius. 
coactus, a, um (part, of cogo), 

compelled, gathered. 
cochlea, ae, F., snail. 
Codes, itis, m., a surname of 

Horatius (" one-eyed "). 
coctilis, e, baked. 
coepi, def. (§ 38, J. a), /began. 
coerceo, 2 ere, cui, citum, com" 
pel, restrain (arceo). 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



193 



coetus, us, M., assembly. 
cogito, 1 are, avi, atum, to think, 

reflect. * 
cognatio, onis, F., relationship 

(by blood). 
cognomen, inis, N., surname, 

family name (74). 
cognosco, 3 ere, novi, nitum, 

learn, recog7iize, know. 
cogo, 3 ere, coegi, coactum, to 

gather, compel (co, ago). 
cohortor, 1 arl, atus, to encourage, 

exhort. 
coilega, ae, m., colleague. 
collego (or colligo), 3 ere, legl, 

lee turn, gather 1 collect. 
colligo } are, avi, atum, to bind 

together. 
collis, is, M., hill. 
colluni, 1, N., neck. 
colo, 3 ere, colui, cultum, cherish, 

till, worship. 
colonus, 1, M., farmer, colonist. 
color, oris, m., color. 
columba, ae, F., dove. 
coma, ae, F., hair j pi. (poet- 
ically ), foliage. 
comes, itis, c, companion (29). 
cometes, ae, m., co7net. 
coaiis, e, kind, courteous (41). 
comitium, 1, N., place of gather- 

ing; plur., election. 
commemoro, 1 are, avi, atum, 

call to mind, relate, recount. 
commendo, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

put in charge, i?rtrust. 
commigro, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

migrate, re77iove. 
commilito, onis, M., fellow-sol- 

d:er, co77irade. 
commode, conveniently. 
commoditas, atis, F., conven- 
ience, advantage, fitness. 
commodum, 1, n., convenience, 

advantage, profit. 
commoveo, 2 ere, movi, motum, 

move, disturb (violently), stir. 
communis, e, co7n77ion. 
communitas, atis, F., C077i77iu- 

nity (con, munus). 
compareo, 2 ere, uT, to appear. 



comparo, 1 are, avi, atum, to get 

together, procure, co77ipare. 
compenso/ are, avi, atum, to 

7'eco7upe7ise, repay, C07?ipe7isate. 
compes, edis, F., fetter. 
complector, 3 tI, plexus, e7nbrace. 
compleo, 2 ere, evT, etum, to fill. 
completus, a, urn, full, C0771- 

plete. 
complures, a or ia, very 77iany. 
compono, 3 ere, posui, positum, 

to arra7ige, settle, put together. 
comprehendo, 3 ere, dl, sum, to 

seize, perceive, C077iprehe7id. 
comprobo, 1 are, avi, atum, 7nake 

good, prove, verify. 
computo, 1 are, avi, atum, reckon, 

compute. 
concedo, 3 ere, cessl, cessum, 

allow, retreat, withd7'aw. 
concerpo 3 [con, carpo], ere (no 

perf.), cerptum, pluck, gather. 

mcessus, u 

Permission. 
concilio,' are, avi, atum, win, 

acquire, U7iite, co7icihate. 
concilium, 1, n., council. 
concito, 1 are, avi, atum, rouse, 

excite (strongly). 
conclamo, 1 are, avi, atum, cry 

aloud. 
concludo 3 [con, claudo], ere, 

clusl, clusum, to shut up. 
conclusus, a, um (part, of last), 

shut up. 
concordia, ae, F., concord, har- 

77l07iy. 

concors, cordis, har7)io7iious, 
fi'ie7idly (cor). 

concursus, us, M., co7icourse, 
a running together. 

concutio 3 [con, quatio], ere, 
cussl, cussum, shake, clash. 

condemno, 1 are, avi, atum, con- 
demn. 

condicio (conditio), onis, F., con- 
dition, ter77is. 

condimentum, 1, N., seasoni7ig, 
sauce. 

condio, 4 ire, IvI (il), Itum, to 
seas 071 , e/n belli sh . 



i 9 4 



Latin Method. 



condo, 3 dere, did!, ditum, put 
together, found, build, put to 
rest, get in, cure (of crops). 

condocefactus, a, ura, trained, 
tamed. {together, hire. 

conduco, 3 ere, xl, ctum, bring 

confectus, a, um (part, of con- 
ficio), wrought, reduced. 

confer o, ferre, tull, latum (col- 
latum), to bring together, com- 
pare, betake (one's self), put 
upon, convey. 

confertus, a, um, full, crowded. 

confLcio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, make 
thoroughly , finish, prepare. 

confirmo, 1 are, avi, atum, con- 
fir 7n, strengthen, affirm. 

confiteor, 2 eri, fessus [fateor], 
confess, acknowledge, admit. 

confluo, 3 ere, fluxi, flow to- 
gether, throng. 

confringo, 3 ere, fregl, fractum, 
break in pieces [frango]. 

coiifugio, 3 ere, fugl, to flee for 
refuge. 

eongrego, 1 are, avi, atum [grex], 
gather in flocks, congregate. 

conjicio (conicio), 3 ere, jecl, jec- 
tum, to cast, to hurl. 

conjunctio, onis, F., a joining, 
co7npanionship. 

conjunctus, a, um, joined. 

conjure go, 3 ere, junxT, junctum, 
to join closely. 

conjunx (or conjux), jugis, c, 
partner, i.e. husband or wife. 

conjuratio, onis, F., conspiracy . 

conjuratus, I, m., conspirator. 

conjiiro, 1 are, avi, atum, to con- 
spire (con; juro, 1 swear). 

conligo, 1 are, avi, atum, to bind, 
fasten together (== colligo 1 ). 

conloquor, 3 qui, locutus, to con- 
verse. 

conor, 1 an, atus, try, endeavor, 
attempt (iS). 

conquiro [con; quaero], 3 ere, 
qulsivl, qulsltum, to inquire, 
search out. 

conscientia, ae, F., conscious- 
ness, copiscience. 



conscio, 4 Ire, to be conscious. 

consecro, 1 are, avi, atum, con- 
secrate (con; sacer). 

conscius, a, um, conscious. 

consenesco, 3 ere, senul, to grow 
old (con ; senex). 

consensus, us, M., consent, fel- 
low-feeling (con; sentio). 

consequor, 3 sequl, secutus, to 
follow close, overtake (95). 

conservatio, onis, F., preserva- 
tion (con; servo 1 ). 

consessus, us, m., meeting, as- 
sembly (con; sedeo 2 ). 

considero, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
consider, ponder. 

consido, 3 ere, sedl, sessum, to 
sit down (con ; sido 3 ). 

consilium, I, N., counsel, plan, 
wise counsel, wisdom (31). 

consimilis, e, very like, just like. 

consisto, 3 ere, stitl, stitum, to 
standfast, halt, stay. 

consocio,' are, avi, atum, to 
associate with, join, connect. 

consolatio, onis, F., consolation. 

conspectus, us, m., sight, view. 

conspicio, 3 ere, spexl, spectum, 

. to view, behold. 

conspicor, 1 arl, atus, to get 
sight of. 

constantia, ae, F., firmness. 

constituo, 3 ere, stitul, utum, to 
establish, resolve [statuo]. 

consto, 1 stare, stitl, statum, con- 
sist, be established; constat, 
it is settled (fact or resolve). 

constringo, 3 ere, strinxl, stric- 
tum, to bind fast. 

consuesco, 3 ere, suevl, suetum, 
become accustomed. 

consuetudo, inis, F., custom (70). 

consul, ulis, M., consul (chief 
executive officer of Rome). 

consulatus, us, M., consulship. 

consulo, 3 ere, ul, sultum, to con- 
sult (ace), consult for (dat.). 

consults, on purpose. 

consultum, I, n., counsel. 

consurgo, 3 ere, surrexl, surrec- 
tum, to rise up, revolt. 



Vocabulary: Latin and English. 



195 



contemno, 3 ere, tempsi, temp- 
tum, to despise. 

contemptus, us, M., contempt, 
scorn. 

contendo, 3 ere, di, turn, stretch 
towards, strive, contend; con- 
tendo ab, urge upon. 

contentio, onis, F., strife, con- 
test. 

contero, 3 ere, trivT, trltum, to 
wear away, bruise, waste. 

conterritus, a, urn, terrified. 

contexo, 3 ere, texul, textum, 
weave together. 

conticesco, 3 ere, ticui, to grow 
silent (incept, of taceo 2 ). 

continens, tis (part, of con- 
tineo), continuous j as a noun, 
the continent. 

contineo, 2 ere, continui, tentum 
[con; teneo], hold together, 
contain, keep. 

contingo, 3 ere, tigl, tactum [tan- 
go], to touch, befall; contin- 
git, it happens (4). 

continuo, immediately. 

continuus, a, urn, constant, in 
succession. 

contra, as prep, (ace), against, 
over against ; as adv., on the 
other hand. 

contraho, 3 ere, xl, ctum, to draw 
together, contract, restrain. 

contrarius, a, um, contrary. 

contremisco, 3 ere, tremui, to be 
seized with trembling. 

contuli, see confero. 

convenio, 4 Ire, venl, ventum, 
to meet, gather. 

conventus, us, M., meeting, con- 
course. 

converto, 3 ere, ti, sum, turn. 

conviva, ae, c, fellow-guest, 
companion (at table). 

convivium, T, N., feast, banquet. 

convoco, 1 are, avi, atum, call 
together. 

copia, ae, F., abundance, oppor- 
tunity (j8) ; plural, forces. 

copiosus, a, um, abou?iding in 
resources. 



coquo, 3 ere, coxi, coctum, to cook. 

cor, cordis, N., heart. 

coram, openly ; (with abl.), in the 

presence of 
Corinthius, a, um, Corinthian. 
Corinthus, 1, f., Corinth, a city 

of Greece. 
Cornelia, ae, F., a Roman matron, 

daughter of Scipio and mother 

of Gracchus. 
cornicen, cinis, M. [cornu; cano], 

horn-blower. 
cornu, us (u), N., horn. 
corpus, oris, N., body. 
corripio, 3 ere, ripui, reptum, to 

seize (25). 
corruptus, a, um (part, of cor- 

rumpo), spoiled, corrupt. 
cortex, icis, M. or F., bark, hull. 
corvus, 1, m., a crow. 
eras, to-morrow. 
crastinus, a, um, belonging to 

the morrow; crastinus (sc. 

dies), 1, M., the morrow. 
creber, bra, brum, thick, close, 

frequent. 
crebresco, 3 ere, brui or buT, 

grow dense, thicken, increase. 
credo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, to give 

in trust, trust, believe (92). 
creo, 1 are, avi, atum, to create, 

elect. [din. 

crepitus, us, M., noise (rattling), 
Cres, Cretis, c, Cretan. 
cresco, 3 ere, crevi, cretum,^r^?7£/, 

increase. 
Creta, ae, F., Crete, an island, 
creta, ae, F., chalk. 
cretaceus, a, um, of chalk. 
Cretensis, e, belonging to Crete. 
criminor, arl, at us, to accuse. 
crinis, is, m., hair. 
crocio, 4 Ire, to croak (as a raven). 
crocodilus, i, m., crocodile. 
crucio, 1 are, avi, atum, torment, 

torture. 
crudelis, e, bloody, cruel (93). 
crudelitas, atis, F., cruelty. 
cruentus, a, um, bloody. 
cruor, oris, M., blood (when it is 

shed). 



196 



Latin Method. 



crus, cruris, N., leg. 
crux, crucis, F., cross. 
Jcub, to lie (-cumbo 3 ). 
cubiculum, 1, n., chamber. 
cuculo, 1 are, to call " cuckoo" 
cuculus, 1, M., a cuckoo. 
culpa, ae, F. /fault (32). 
culpo, 1 are, avi, atum, to blame. 
cultrix, icis, F. [colo], she that 

tills, &c. 
cultura, ae, F., cultivation. 
cultus, us, M., tillage, worship, 

7node of living, attention. 
cum (prep, abl.), with. 
cum (adv.), when; cumprimum, 

as soon as; cum . . turn, while 

. . so also ; both . . and. 
cunabula, orum, n., cradle. 
cunae, arum, F., cradle. 
cunctatio, orris, F., delay. 
cunctator, oris, m., delayer. 
cunctor, 1 ari, atus, to delay. 
cunctus, a, um, all (yy : more 

often in the plural). 
cumculus, 1, m., rabbit. 
cupiditas, atis, f., eager desire, 

cupidity. 
cupido, inis, F., desire. 
cupidus, a, um, eager, desirous, 

greedy (20). 
cupio, 3 ere, Ivi, itum, desire (33). 
cur, why. 

cura, ae, F., care, anxiety (38). 
curatio, onis, F., care, treatment. 
Cures, ium, m., F., a Sabine town. 
curia, ae, F., senate-house. 
euro, 1 are, avi, atum, provide, 

take care of. 
curro, 3 ere, cucurn, cursum, run. 
currus, us, M., chariot, car. 
cursus, us, m., running, course, 

race, voyage. 
curvus, a, um, crooked, bent. 
custodia, ae, F., custody, guard. 
custodio, 4 Ire, IvT, itum, guard. 
custos, odis, M., guard, guard- 
ian. 
cygnus, T, M., a swan. 
cymba, ae, F., a boat (73). 
Cyrus, 1, m., Cyrus, a Persian 

king. 



damno, 1 are, avi, atum, condemn. 
de (abl.), down from, of about (1). 
dea, ae, F., goddess (p. 4, a). 
debeo, 2 ere, ui, itum, to owe, 

ought. 
debilis, e, weak, feeble. 
decedo, 3 ere, cessT, cessum, to 

withdraw, retreat (3). 
decern, ten. 
decemvir, viri, M., decemvir '(one 

of a board of ten). 
decerno, 3 ere, crevl, cretum, to 

decree. 
decerpo, 3 ere, psi, ptum, to pluck, 

gather [carpo]. 
decerto, 1 are, avi, atum, to con- 
tend, strive (90). 
decet,' 2 uit, it is becoming. 
decido, 3 ere, di, to fall off, fail 

[cado]. 
decimus, a, um, tenth. 
declare 1 are, avi, atum, make 

clear, show, declare. 
decline 1 are, avi, atum, to bend 

aside, avoid. 
decor, oris, M., beauty, grace. 
decorus, a, um, beautiful, becom- 
ing (91); ad decorum, 7ieatly. 
decresco, 3 ere, crevl, cretum, to 

decrease. 
decurro, 3 ere, curri or cucurrl, 

cursum, run down, advance. 
decus, oris, N., ornament, honor, 

dignity (46). 
dedecet, uit, it is unbecoming. 
dedecus, oris, N., dishonor. 
dedo, 3 did!, ditum, to surrender. 
dediico, 3 xT, ctum, to lead away. 
defectio, onis, f., revolt, eclipse. 
defendo, 3 ere, di, sum, to defend. 
defensor, oris, M., defender. 
deflecto, 3 ere, flexl, flexum. bend, 

turn off (down or away), 
deinde, then. 
dejicio (deicio), 8 ere, jecT, jec- 

tum, to cast down; dejectus, 

downcast. 
delectatio, onis, F., delight. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English 



197 



delecto, 1 are, avi, atum, delight, 
please. 

delectus, us, m., a levyoi troops. 

deleo, 2 ere, evi, etum, blot out, 
destroy, annihilate, 

delicatus, a, um, delicate, effem- 
inate, dainty. 

delictum, 1, N., fault (32). 

delitesco, 3 ere, litul, to lie hid 
(lateo). 

Delos, 1, F., an island of the 
ALgezn, sacred to Apollo. 

dementia, ae, F., madness, folly. 

demergo, 3 ere, si, sum, to plunge, 
(trans.) ; pass., to dive, sink. 

demetior, 4 Iri, mensus, to meas- 
ure out (sparingly). 

demeto, 3 ere, messui, messum, 
to reap, mow, cut off, 

demigro, 1 are, avi, atum, to re- 
move. 

Demosthenes, is, M., an orator 
of Athens. 

demum, at length, in short. 

denique, at length, in short. 

dens, dentis, M., tooth, tusk. 

densus, a, um, crowded, dense, 
close. [down. 

dependeo, 2 ere (no perf.), hang 

dependo, 3 ere, dl, sum, to weigh 
oict, pay. 

depono, 3 ere, posul, positum, to 
lay down or aside. 

deposco, 3 ere, poposcl, to de- 
mand, claim, request (79). 

deprehendo, 3 ere, dl, sum, to 
catch, seize, arrest. 

depugno, 1 are, avi, atum, fight 
(out a battle). 

descendo, 3 ere, dl, sum, to de- 
scend. 

describe, 3 ere, scrips!, ptum, to 
describe, write about, trace, 
draw, ?nark off. 

desero, 3 ere, deseruT, desertum, 
forsake, desert [sero, bind]. 

desiderium, 1, n., a longing for. 

desidero, 1 are, avi, atum, want, 
desire, feel the want 0/(33). 

desilio 4 [de ; salio], ire, silui, 
sultum, leap down. 



desino, 3 ere, desivi (desii), desi- 
tum, leave off, cease. 

desipio, 3 ere, to be foolish. 

despero, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
despair of. 

despicio, 3 ere, spexT, spectum, 
to look down on, despise. 

destitutus, a, um, left alone. 

desum, esse, fui, to be wanting. 

deterreo, 2 ere, ul, itum, to ter- 
rify, alarm. 

detrimentum, T, n., loss, da?n- 
age (de; tero: 35). 

detrudo, 3 ere, si, sum, to thrust 
away, push back. 

deus, 1, m., plur. del, dii or dl 
(p. 5. e), a god, divinity. 

devasto, 1 are, atum (no perf.), to 
lay waste. 

deversor, 1 an, atus, turn aside. 

deversorium, I, n., a resting- 
place, inn. 

devinco, 3 ere, vici, victum, to 
conquer. 

dexter, tera (tra), terum (trum), 
right, right hand. 

Jdic, say (dico, 3 disco, 3 dico 1 ). 

dicio, onis, F., sway, subjection. 

dico, 3 ere, xl, ctum, say, tell (64) ; 
imperat., die. 

dictito, 1 are, avi, atum, keep say- 
ing, repeat. 

didici, see disco. 3 

Dido, onis (or Didus), F., Dido, 
queen of Carthage. 

dies, diei, m. (rarely f.), day. 

differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, to 
delay, differ, defer. 

dimcilis, e, difficult. 

diflfugio, 3 ere, fugi, scatter, flee 
away. 

diffundo, 3 ere, fudl, fusum, pour 
far and wide, pour out, spread. 

digitus, 1, m., finger, toe. 

dignitas, tatis, F., dignity. 

dignor, an, atus, to deem worthy. 

dignus, a, um, worthy (abl.). 

dilabor, 3 1, lapsus, fall apart, 
glide away. 

diligentia, ae, F., diligence, dis- 
cretion. 



198 



Latin Method. 



diligenter, diligently, 

diligo, 3 ere, lexl, lectum, love 
(less strong than amo : 11). 

dimico, 1 are, avl or ui, atum, to 
fight, contend {go). 

dimidium, T, N., half. 

dimitto, 3 ere, misl, missum, send 
away, dismiss. 

Dion, onis, M., Dion, 3. patriot of 
Sicily. 

directus, a, urn (part, of dirigo), 
straight, perpendicular. 

direptio, onis, F., plundering. 

dirimo, 3 ere, emi, emptum, to 
divide* put asunder [dis, emo]. 

dirus, a, um, dreadful (93). 

Dis, Ditis, Pluto, god of the 
Lower World. 

dis (in comp.), apart. 

discedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, de- 
part, pass away, cease. 

discepto, 1 are, avl, atum, to dis- 
pute, discuss. 

discessus, us, M., departure, 
separation. 

discidium, 1 [discindo], N., sep- 
aration, parting, quarrel. 

discindo, ere, cidi, cissum, to 
cut apart, separate, divide. 

disciplina, ae, F., system of teach- 
ing, discipline, training. 

discipulus, 1, m., scholar, dis- 
ciple. 

disco, 3 ere, didicT, to learn. 

discordia, ae, F., discord. 

discrimen, inis, N., decision (by 
co n fl i c t ) , crisis, peril. 

discurro, 3 ere, curri (cucurrl), 
cursum, to run about. 

disertus, a, um, eloquent (72). 

dispar, paris, unequal, unlike. 

disputo, 1 are, avl, atum, to dis- 
pute (think apart), discuss, 
deliver an opinion. 

dissensio, onis, F., disagreement. 

dissentio, 4 ire, sensi, sum, to 
disagree. 

dissimilis, e, unlike. 

distincte, distinctly. 

distinctus, a, um [distinguo], 
studded, marked, set-off. 



distineo [teneo 2 ], ere, ui, ten- 
turn, to hold apart, divide. 

distinguo, 3 ere, nxi, nctum, to 
set-off, mark, distinguish. 

disto, 1 are, to be distant or apart, 
to differ. 

ditior, ditissimus, richer, richest 
(used as compar. and superl. 
of dives). 

diu, diutius, diutissime, long (of 
time), in a long time. 

diuturnitas, atis, F., long dura- 
tion. 

diuturnus, a, um, long (in time), 
lasting, durable, long con- 
tinued. 

diversus, a, um, inconsistent. 

dives, itis, rich. 

divido, 3 ere, Tsi, Tsum, to divide. 

divinus, a, um, divine, godlike, 
superhuman. 

divitiae, arum, F., riches, wealth 

(78). 

do, 1 dare, dedi, datum, give (37)/ 

in compos., place. 
doceo, 2 ere, docui, doctum, teach, 

tell (followed by two ace), 
doctor, oris, M., teacher. 
doctus, a, um, learned, skilled. 
doleo, 2 ere, dolui, be painful, feel 

pain, grief, suffer (with abl. of 

that from which one suffers). 
dolor, oris, M., pain, grief (38). 
dolus, 1, m., trick, fraud, craft. 
domesticus, a, um, of the house 

or family. 
domi (loc), at home. 
domicilium, 1, N., home, resi- 
dence. 
domina, ae, F., queen, mistress. 
dominatus, us, M., dominion, 

tyrannv. 
dominor, 1 ari, atus, to rule, be 

master or tyrant. 
dominus, 1, m., master, lord; 

domine (voc), sir. 
domo, 1 are, domiri, domitum, 

subdue, tame, break in. 
domus. us, F. (p. 18. b), house ; 

domi, at home (39). 
ddnec, until. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



199 



dono, 1 are, avl, atum (§ 51, 1 . c), 

to give, present (37). 
donum, 1, N., gift (40). 
dormio, 4 Ire, Ivi, I turn, to sleep. 
dos, dotis (g. pi. ium), F., dowry. 
Druides, \im,£>ruids, the priestly" 

class of Gaul, 
dubitatio, onis, F., doubt. 
dubito, 1 are, avl, aturrl (with an 

or quln), doubt; (with infin.), 

hesitate. 
dubius, a, um, doubtful. 
{duc, lead (duco, 3 dux), 
ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. 
duco, 3 ere, duxl, diictum ; im- 

perat., due, to lead, hold, think. 
dulcedo, inis, F., charm, sweet- 
ness. 
dulcis, e , sweet, fresh (of water). 
dum, with indie, while; with 

subj. (generally), until. 
dumetum, 1, n., bramble- thicket. 
dumus, 1, M., brier, bramble. 
duo, ae, o (see p. 7), two. 
duplico,' 1 are, avl, atum, double. 
duritia, ae, F., hardness. 
duro, 1 are, avl, atum, endure, 

last, hold out. 
durus, a, um, hard, hardy (93). 
dux, duels, c, leader, guide (42). 



E. 



e (ex), from, out of (1) ; in 

compos., out, coinpletely. 
ea, fern, of is; earn, her. 
ecquid, what ? any, at all f 
edax, acis, greedy. 
edisco, 3 ere, didici, to learn thor- 
oughly. 
editus, a, um (part, of edo 3 ), 

prominent. 
edo, 3 ere, edidi, editum, exhibit, 

put forth, utter, produce. 
edo, edere or esse, edi, esum 

(Gr. p. 80), eat. 
effemiuo, 1 are, avl, atum, debase 

by luxury, enfeeble [femina]. 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatum, carry 

out, carry away. 



efficentia, ae, F., efficacy, potency. 

eflficio, 8 [ex; facio], ere, feci, fec- 
tum, make out, effect. 

effigies, iel, F., an image, appa- 
rition. 

effluo, 3 ere, fluxl, to flow out, or 
away. 

effodio, 3 ere, fodi, fossum, dig 
up or out. 

effugio, 8 ere, fugi, to flee away, 
escape from. 

egens, tis (part, of egeo), desti- 
tute (82). 

egeo, 2 ere, egui, be destitute, 
need (abl. or gen ). 

Egeria, ae, F., nymph of a grotto 
near Rome. 

Egerius, I, m., a proper name. 

egestas, atis, F., poverty, desti- 
tution. 

egi, egeram, see ago. 3 

ego, mel, mihi, me (p. 18), /. 

egomet, / myself. 

egredior, 3 dl, gressus, to go forth. 

egregius, a, um, excellent, dis- 
tinguished, unusual, fine, re- 
markable [e ; grex]. 

ejus, ei (gen. and dat. of is), 
his, hers, &c. 

elatus, a, um (part, of effero), 
carried away, uplifted. 

elegans, tis, fine, elegant. 

elegantia, ae, F., elegance. 

elementum, I, N., beginning. 

elephantus, I, M., elephant. 

elevo, 1 are, atum (no perf.), dis- 
parage, 7nake light of [levis]. 

eligo, 3 ere, elegl, electum, pick 
out, elect, select, choose. 

eloquens, eloquent (72). 

eloquentia, ae, F., eloquence. 

eliido, 3 ere, si, sum, to delude, 
?nock, make game of [ludus]. 

emergo, 3 ere, si, sum, to e?nerge- 

emineo, 2 ere, ul, to project, be 
conspicuous [e ; maneo]. 

emo, 3 ere. eml, emptum, buy 
(originally take). 

emptor, oris, M., purchaser. 

empturio, 4 Ire, / wa?it to buy. 

en (exclam.), behold J hoi 



200 



Latin Method. 



enervo, 1 are, avi, atum, enervate, 
unman, enfeeble [nervus]. 

enim,for (following one or more 
words). 

Ennius, i, M., Ennius, an early- 
poet of Rome. 

ensis, is, m., sword (poetic). 

enumero, 1 are, avi, atum, to re- 
count, reckon (numerus). 

eo, thither. 

eo . . quo (with comparatives), 
the . . the : see § 22, 2. 

eo, Ire, lyl, itum (p. 39), go (43). 

Epaminondas, ae, a general 
and statesman of Thebes. 

epistola (ula), ae, F., a letter. 

epulae, arum, F., banquet (36). 

eques, itis, m., rider, horseman, 
knight j pi., cavalry (equus). 

equester, tris, tre, belonging to 
cavalry ^equestrian. 

equidem, in fact, for my part 
(concessive), it is true, to be 
sure. 

equitatus, us, M., cavalry. 

equito, 1 are, avi, atum, to ride. 

equus, T, M., horse. 

erga, towards (ace). 

ergo, therefore, then. 

Eriphyle, es, F., wife of Amphi- 
araus. 

eripio, 3 ere, ripuT, reptum, snatch 
away, remove, rescue (rapio). 

erro, 1 are, avi, atum, wander, 
err, stray, mistake. 

erudio, 4 Ire, IvI (il), Itum, to in- 
struct, train (e ; rudis). 

erumpo, 3 ere, erupl, eruptum, to 
break out, burst forth, begin 
to flow (verb-root rup). 

esca, ae, ¥.,food, bait. 

esse (see sum), to be. 

esurio, 4 Ire,ivi (il), Itum, to fast, 
be hungry (desider. ofedo). 

et, and even; et . . et, both . . 
and ; on the one hand . . on 
the other. 

etenim,/br (you see, you know). 

etiam, also, even, yes. 

Etruscus, a, um, Etmscan. 

eum, him [is]. 



Eurotas, ae, M., a river of Sparta. 
evado, 3 ere, si, sum, C07ne out, 

escape, pass out. 
evenio, 4 Ire, venl, ventum, to 

come forth, happen (4). 
eventus, us, M., event, result. 
everto, 3 ere, tl, sum, overturn. 
ex, out of from, of, directly after, 

on account of, according to{\). 
exanimo, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

render lifeless (ex ; anima). 
exaudio, 4 Ire, IvI (il), Itum, hear 

(at a distance), overhear. 
excedo, 3 ere, cessl, cessum, to 

go forth, withdraw. 
excello, 3 ere, ul, sum, to excel. 
excipio, 3 ere, cepl, ceptum, to 

overtake, receive, welcome (25). 
excito, 1 are, avi, atum, to rotise, 

excite, stir up (ex ; cieo). 
exclamo, 1 are, avi, atum, cry 

out, exclai7n. 
excludo, 3 cludere, clusl, clusum, 

shut out, hatch (ex; claudo). 
excusatio, onis, f., excuse. 
exedo, 3 ere, edi, esum, eat out, 

consume, wear away. 
exemplum, I, n., sample, pat- 

tern, example. 
exeo, Ire, il, itum, go forth (3). 
exerceo, 3 cere, cui, citum, keep 

busy, manage; (in passive), 

train one^s self (ex; arceo). 
exercitatio, onis, F., exercise. 
exercitus, us, M., army (5). 
exesus, see exedo. 
exigo, 3 ere, egl, actum, to drive 

out (ex ; ago). 
exiguus, a, um, small, mean, 

scanty. 
exilis, e, slender, feeble (44). 
existimatio, onis, F., estimate, 

judgment. 
existimo, 1 are, avi, atum, think, 

deem, reckoji (aestimo : 92). 
existo, see exsisto. 
exitium, I, N., destruction, ruin 

(ex ; eo : lit., a going ouf) . 
exordium, I, N , the beginning, 

origin (ex, ordior). 
exorior, 4 Iri, ortus, arise. 



Vocabulary : Lathi and English, 



201 



expeditus, a, urn, uneiicumbered, 

rapid (ex ; pes == foot-free) . 
expello, 3 ere, expuli, expulsum, 

to drive out, expel, 
expergefacio, 3 ere, feci, factum, 

to rouse, awaken. 
expergiscor, 3 cl, experrectus, to 

rouse one's self wake. 
experimentum, I, M., trial, ex- 

peri?nent. 
experior, 4 IrT, expertus, to try, 

prove, test. 
expers, tis, without a share, 

destitute (ex; pars). 
expeto, 3 ere, petlvi (ii), petitum, 

to seek, claim (79) . 
explico, 1 are, ul, itum (or avi, 

atum), to unfold, explain. 
explorator, oris, M., searcher, 

scout. 
exprimo, 3 ere, press!, pressum, 

to press out, express (premo). 
expromo, 3 ere, mpsi, mptum, to 

take out, exhibit, declare. , 
expugno, 1 are, avi, atum, to take 

by siege, stor/n, conquer. 
expulsor, oris, M., expeller. 
expulsus, see expello 3 . 
exsilio, 4 ire, siluT, sultum, to leap 

forth, start up (salio). 
exsilium, T, N., exile, banish- 

ment (exsul). / 

exsisto, 3 ere, stitl, stitum, arise, 

appear, exist (sis to, sta). 
exspecto, 1 are, avi. atum, look 

out for, expect, wait. 
exstinguo, 3 ere, stinxT, nctum, 

to extinguish, destroy, kill. 
exsto, 1 stare (no perf. or sup.), 

stand forth, rise. 
exsul, ulis, c, an exile. 
extemplo, i?istantly. 
externus, a, um, foreign; as a 

noun, stranger. 
extra (ace), outside of, beyond. 
extraho, 3 ere, traxi, tractum, 

draw out, drag. 
extremus, a, um, last; extrema 

insula, the end of the island. 



{fa, say (for, 1 fatum). 

fabricarier = fabricari, old inf. 
of 

fabricor,i an, atus, manufacture, 
fabricate, forge. 

fabula, ae, F., fable, tale (for). 

Jfac, make, do (facio). 3 

facesso, 3 ere, I, Ttum, to do 
eagerly ; facesso negotium, 
bring trouble upon (dat.). 

facetiae, arum, F., wit, fun. 

facetus, a, um, elegant, funny. 

facile, easily. 

facilis, e, easy. 

facinus, oris, N., act, crime (of 
violence : 32). 

facio, 3 ere, feci, factum, make, 
do; imperat., fac ; pass., fio. 

facultas, atis, F., opportunity \ 
ability (88). 

fagus, 1, f., beech-tree. 

fallax, acis, treacherous, de- 
ceitful. 

fallo, 3 ere, fefellT, falsum, cheat, 
deceive, disappoint (45). 

{also, falsely. 

falsus, a, um (part, of fallo), de- 
ceived, false. • 

falx, falcis, f., sickle, pruniiig- 
knife. 

fama, ae, F., common talk, re- 
port, fame (46). 

fames, is, F., hunger, famine. 

familia, ae, F., household, family % 
especially the slaves (famulus). 

familiaris, e, belonging to a fam- 
ily, familiar; (noun ) , friend. 

fasciculus, 1, m., bundle, faggot. 

fateor, ' en, fassus , to confess. 

fatigo, 1 are, avi, atum, to weary, 
distress. 

fatum, 1, x.,fate, destiny. 

fauces, ium, F., jaws, throat, 
passage (into any thing). 

fautor, oris, m., favorer, sup- 
porter. 

faveo, 2 ere, favi, fautum, to favor 
(dat.). 



202 



Latin Method. 



fax, facis, F., torch, firebrand. 

fecundus, a, urn, fertile, produc- 
tive, prolific. 

felis (or feles), is, F., cat. 

felix, icis, happy, fortunate, of 
good omen (47). 

femina, ae, F., woman, female 
(root fe : " the producer."). 

fenestra, ae, F., window. 

fenus, oris, N., interest, usury, 
profit (root fe, in fetus). 

fera, ae, F., wild creature, wild 
animal or beast (14). 

ferax, acis, fertile, productive. 

fere, almost, for the most part, 
about. 

ferens, tis, bearing, bringing. 

feriae, arum, F., holidays. 

ferio 4 (no perf. or sup.), to strike. 

feritas, atis, F., wildness, fierce- 
ness. 

ferme, 7iearly, almost, about. 

fero, ferre, tali, latum (p. 39) ; 
bear, carry, tell; prae se ferre, 
to show, exhibit. 

ferox, das, fierce, cruel (93). 

ferreus, a, urn, of iron, 

ferrum, 1, n., iron, 

fertilis, e, fertile. 

fertilities, atis, F., fertility. 

ferus, a, tlm, wild, fierce (93). 

ferveo, 2 ere, buT, to glow, burn, 
be hot. 

fessus, a, um, weary, 

festino, 1 are, avi, atum, to hasten. 

festus, a, um, festal, [prolific. 

fetus, a, um, producing, full, 

Jftd, split (findo, 3 fissio). 

fidelis, e, faithful. 

Fidenas, atis, of Fidena*. 

fides, is, F., string ; plur., lyre. 

fides, el, F., faith. 

f ido, 3 ere, f Isus, to trust (dat). 

fidus, a, um, faithful. 

Jfig, shape (fin go, 3 fictilis). 

figura, ae, F., figure, shape. 

figuro, 1 are, avi, atum, fashion, 
shape. 

f ilia, ae, F. (see p. 4, a), daughter. 

filiola, ae, F., little daughter. 

f iliolus, I, m., little son. 



films, T, m., son; voc, fill. 
findo, 3 ere, fidi, fissum, to split, 

divide, separate. 
fingo, 2 ere, nnxi, fictum, fashion, 

form, imagine (root fig). 
finio, 4 ire, ivi (il), itum, to limit, 

bound, fix, 
finis, is, m., end; plur., bounds, 

limits, territory (48). 
f initimus, a, um, neighboring. 
f io, fieri, factus, become, be made, 

be done (used as passive of 

facio: 3 p. 39). 
firmus, a, um, firm, steady. 
fissio, onis, F., cleft, cleaving, 
fistula, ae, F., pipe, reed,fiute, 
fiagrans, tis, blazing. 
flamen, inis, N., blast of wind. 
flamma, ae, F., blaze, fiame. 
flavesco, 3 ere, to grow yellow. ' 
flavus, a, um, yellow. 
flecto, 3 ere, xl, xum, to bend, turn. 
flexuosus, a, um, crooked, bend" 

ing. 
f] or ens, tis, flourish ing. 
floreo, 2 ere, florin", to flourish, 

bloo?n (flos). 
floresco, 3 ere, begin to bloom. 
flos, floris, M., flower. 
Jflu, flow (fluo, 3 fliimen). 
fluctus, us, m., wave, flood. 
fliimen, inis, N., flowing water, 

stream, river (49). 
Jfod, dig (fodio, 3 fossa). 
fluo, 3 ere, fluxi, fluxum,^w. 
foculus, 1, M., fire-pan, brazier. 
focus, 1, M., fire-place, hearth. 
fodio, 3 ere, fodi, fossum, to dig, 

pick. 
foedus, eris, N., a treaty, league, 
foedus, a,, um, foul, disgraceful. 
folium, T, N., leaf. 
fons, fontis, M., spring, fountain. 
fore, will be (fut. inf. of esse). 
forma, ae, F., inward form (or- 
ganization), form, shape. 
formica, ae, F., ant. 
formido, inis, F., dread, terror. 
formidolSsus, a, um, formidable. 
formosus, a, um, beatitiful, 

shapely (91). 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



203 



formula, ae, f., little model, pat- 
tern, rule, writ (legal). 

fortis, e, sturdy, strong, brave, 
valiant (23). 

fortiter, bravely. 

fortitudo, in is, F., bravery, cou- 
rage, fortitude 

fortiina, ae, F., fortune. 

fortunatus, a, Mm, fortunate (47). 

forum, I, N., foru?n (public 
square). 

fossa, ae, F., ditch, trench (fod). 

foveo, 2 ere, fovi, fotum, warm, 
fondle, cherish, brood over. 

Jfrag, break (frango, 3 fragor) . 

fragilis, e, frail, easily broken. 

fragor, oris, M., crash, crashing 
noise (97)- 

frango, 3 ere, fregl, fractum, break. 

frater, tris, M., brother. 

fraudo, 1 are, avi, atum, to cheat, 
deprive (45). 

freno\ are, avi, atum, to check, 
curb. 

fretum, 1, N., strait, a narrow 
sea (67). 

frigid us, a, urn, cold. 

fri^us, oris, N., cold. 

frons, dis, F., leaf. 

fious, tis, F., brow, forehead. 

Jfru, enjoy (fruor, 3 fruges). 

fructuosus, a, urn, fruitful, pro- 
fitable. 

fructus, tus, M., fruit (94), f ruits 
(generally), profit. 

fruges, um, f. , grain, produce. 

frugi (a dat. used as indecl. adj.), 
good, honest, thrifty. 

frugifer, fera, ferum, productive \ 

frumentum, T, N., grain (94). 

fruor, 3 T, fructus, enjoy (abl.). 

frustra, in vain. 

frustror, 1 art, atus, to deceive, 
disappoint, elude (45). 

frustum, 1, N., piece, fragment. 

Jfud, pour (fundo, 3 fusus). 

fui, see sum. 

fugio, 3 ere, fugi, itum, to flee. 

fugo, 1 are, avi, atum, to drive, 
put to flight. 

fulgeo, 2 ere, f ulsl, to shim, glow. 



fulgur, uris, N., lightning (75). 

fulmen, inis, N., thunderbolt, 
flash of lightning (75). 

fumo, 1 are, to smoke. - 

funditus, utterly, froin the bot- 
tom. 

fundo, 3 ere, fudi, fusum, to pour, 
pour forth. 

fundus, T, m., ground, estate. 

funestus, a, Mm, fatal. 

fungor, 3 I, functus, to fulfil, per- 
form (abl.). 

fur, furis, M., thief. 

furor, oris, M., rnadness (raving), 
rage (mad). 

furor, 1 ati, atus, steal (by craft). 

furtim (adv.), by stealth. 

fustis, is, M., club. 

fusus, a, um [fundo], poured 
forth, routed. 

futurus, a, um [sum], about to be. 



Gaius, Caius, m., a proper name, 
e.g., C. Laelius (§ 15). 

galea, ae, f., helmet. 

Gallia, ae, F., Gaul, including 
France, with part of Belgium 
and Switzerland. 

Gallidus, a, um, of Gaul, Gallic. 

gallina, ae, f., a hen. 

Gallus, 1, m., a Gaul. 

gallus, 1, m., a cock. 

gannio, 4 Ire, to snarl, yelp. 

garrulus, a, um, chattering. 

gaudeo, 2 ere, gavlsus, to rejoice. 

gelu, us, N., frost, cold. 

geminus, a, um, twin. 

gemma, ae, f., a bud, gem, jewel. 

gemitus, us, M., groan, sigh. 

gemmatus, a, Mm, jewelled. 

{gen, produce (gnascor, gigno). 

gener, eri, m., son-in-law. 

genero, 1 are, avi, atum, to gen- 
erate , produce. 

genetrix, tricis, F., mother. 

genitus, a. um (gigno 3 ), born. 

gens, gentis, F., race, uation($o), 

genu, us, n., knee. 



204 



Latin Method. 



genus, eris, n., race, family, 
descent, kind, class (50). 

Germanus, a, um, German. 

gero, 3 ere, gessl, gestum, carry, 
carry on, bear, wear, do. 

gestus, us, M., gesture, bearing ; 
agere gestus, make motions. 

gigno, 3 ere, genul, genitum, pro- 
duce (verb-root gen : gi-geno). 

glacialis, e, icy. 

glacies, ei, F., ice. 

gladiator, oris, M., swordsman, 
gladiator. 

gladiolus, 1, M., little sword. 

gladius, 1, m., sword (16). 

glaeba, ae, F., sod, turf {pi un- 
tilled ground). 

gloria, ae, F., glory (46). 

glorior, 1 ari, atus, glory, glory in 
(abl.), boast (with accus. of a 
neuter pronoun). 

Jgno, know (gnosco, gnovl). 

Gracchus, T, m., the name of two 
brothers, Tiberius and Caius, 
leaders of the people's party 
in Rome. 

gradus, us, M., step, stride. 

Graecia, ae, F., Greece. 

Graecus, a, um, Greek ; GraecT, 
pi., the Greeks. 

gramen, inis, N., grass. 

grandis, e, large, big, tall (65) ; 
— natu, old. 

grando, inis, F., hail. 

grass or, 1 ari, atus, to roam, ad- 
vance tipon. 

gratia, ae, f., favor, i7ifluence, 
good will (88) ; gratia (with 
gen.), for the sake of; plur., 
thanks. 

gratiosus, a, um, favorite, pop- 
tdar. 

gratulatio, onis, F., congratti- 
lation. 

gratus, a, um, pleasing. 

gravate, reluctantly. 

gravis, e, heavy, weighty, respect- 
able, influential, oppressive. 

graviter, heavily, severely. 

grex, gregis, M., flock, herd (51). 

grunnio, 4 Ire, Ivi, Itum, to grunt. 



guberno, 1 are, avi, atum, steer, 

govern. 
gusto, 1 are, avi, atum, to taste. 
gymnasium, 1, n., gymnasiu7n. 



habeo, 2 ere, uT, itum, hold, have, 
keep, imply, have in itself, 
consider, have for; bene se 
habet, that is right. 

habilis, e, handy. 

habito, 1 are, avi, atum, inhabit, 
live. 

habitus, us, M., habit, suit, bear- 
ing. 

haereo, 2 ere, si, sum, to cling, 
stick. 

haesito, 1 are, avi, atum, to hesi- 
tate (intens. of haereo). 

hamus, 1, m., link, hook. 

Hannibal, alis, M., Hannibal, a 
Carthaginian general. 

hasta, ae, F., spear (16). 

haud, not (modifying only one 
word) . 

haurio, 4 Ire, si, stum, to drain, 
drink in. 

Helvetii, orum, people of Hel- 
vetia (Switzerland). 

hem (interj.), ah / indeed! 

Henna, ae, F., Enna, a vale in 
Sicily. 

Hennensis, e, of Enna. 

Heraclides, is, M., a name of a 
philosopher. 

herba, ae, F., grass, turf 

Hercules, is, M., the most fa- 
mous hero of Greek fable. 

heri, yesterday. 

heroicus, a, um, heroic. 

heros, ois (ace. sing. 6a, pi. oas), 
hero (a Greek word)* 

herus, I, m., master (less ap- 
proved spelling for erus). 

heu, alas ! 

heus (interj.), ho ! hallo ! 

hiberna, orum, N., winter quar- 
ters of an army. 

Hibernia, ae, f., Ireland. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 205 



hie, here. 

hie, haec, hoc, this (near the 
speaker : 52). 

hiems (hiemps), hiemis, F., win- 
ter, storm. 

hilaris, e, cheerful. 

hilariter, cheerfully. 

hinc, hence, next; hinc . . hinc, 
on this side . . on the other. 

hinnio, 4 ire, to neigh, whinny. 

hio, 1 are, avi, atum, to gape. 

hirundo, inis, F., a swallow. 

Hispania, ae, F., Spain. 

Hispanus, a, urn, Spanish, 
Spaniard. 

historia, ae, F., history. 

ho die, to-day. 

hodiernus, a, um, to-day* sj ho- 
dierno die, to-day. 

Homerus, 1, m., Homer, the 
Greek poet. 

homo, hominis, m., man (as a 
human being), person, fellow 
(53; seep. 125). 

honestus, a, um, beco?ning, hon- 
orable. 

honor (os), oris, M., respect, 
honor (46). 

honorifice, honorably ; — ap- 
pello, salute with titles of 
honor. 

honorificus, a, um (comp. -cen- 
tior ; superl. -centissimus), 
honorable, giving honor. 

honoro, 1 are, avi, atum, to honor 
(do honor to). 

hora, ae, F., hour; omnium ho- 
rarum homo, a 7nan for any 
thing. 

Horatius, 1, M., a Roman name. 

horreo, 2 ere, horrui, bristle up, 
shudder, dread. 

horridus, a, um, rough, horrid. 

hortulus, T, M., little gar de?i. 

hortus, 1, m., garden. 

hospes, itis, M., host, guest. 

hospitium, 1, N., office of host, hos- 
pitality, an inn. 

hostilis, e, of an enemy. 

hostis, is, c., enemy (54). 

hue. hither. 



humanitas, atis, F., refinement, 

courtesy, culture. 
humanus, a, um, ofinan, human. 
humens, tis, moist. 
humerus, 1, m., shoulder. 
humidus, a, um, moist. 
humilis, e, low, lowly. 
humo, 1 are, avi, atum, bury. 
humus, 1, f., ground j huml, on 

the ground. 
huncine (interrog.), ace. of hie 

= hmicne. 



1, go (eo, ire ; iter). 

Iason, on is, m., Jason, leader of 
the Argonauts. 

ibi, there. 

ibis, is, F., ibis, a sacred bird of 
Egypt. 

ico, 3 ere, IcT, ictum, to strike, Jut. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

identidem, again and again, 
now and then. 

ideo, so, therefore, for this pur- 
pose. 

idolon, 1, n. (a Greek noun), an 
image, apparition. 

idoneus, a, um, fit, apt, capable 
(with ad or rel. clause). 

igitur, therefore. 

ignarus, a, um, unaware, igno- 
rant. 

ignavia, ae, F., sloth, cowardice. 

ignavus, a, um, cowardly, slug- 
gish. 

ignis, is, M.,fire; pi., light. 

ignoro, 1 are, avi, atum, to be ig- 
norant; pass., to be tinknown. 

ignosco, 3 ere, novi, notum, to 
pardon (dat. of person : gno). 

ille, ilia, illud, that (away from 
speaker: 52). 

illuc, to that place. 

illustro, 1 are, avi, atum, to shine 
upon, brighten, bring to light. 

illustris, e, bright, well-lighted, 
illustrious. [tion. 

imago, inis, f., image, appari- 



206 



Latin Method. 



imber, bris (ium), M., a rain- 
storm (75). 

imitor, 1 an, atus, imitate. 

immanis, e, monstrous (93). 

immanitas, atis, F., cruelty, fe- 
rocity. 

immsmor, oris, unmindful. 

immensus, a, um, measureless, 
itnmense, unbounded. 

immitto, 3 ere, mlsl, missum, to 
let in, send tipon. 

immo, nay, on the contrary, nay 
rather. 

immortalis, e, immortal. 

inimortalitas, atis, F., immor- 
tality (in- ; mors). 

immutabilis, e, unchangeable. 

impavidus, a, um, without ter- 
ror (in-; paveo). 

impedlmentum, T, N., hin- 
drance; plur. baggage. 

impedio, 4 Ire, Ivi, Itum, to hin- 
der, impede (in-; pes). 

impendeo, 2 ere, to overhang, 
threaten. 

impendo, 3 ere, dl, sum, to pay, 
bestow (weigh out to). 

imperator, oris, M., commander 
(in chief- 42). 

imperitus, a, um, unacquainted, 
unskilled (gen.). 

imperium, 1, N., authority, com- 
mand, state (as a power : 88.) 

impero, 1 are, avi, atum, com- 
mand, require (dat. and ut). 

impetro, 1 are, avi, atum, accom- 
plish, obtain (a request). 

impetus, us, m., attack, violence, 
impulse; animl impetus, im- 
petuosity of feeling. 

impiger, gra, grum, vigorous, 
active. 

impleo, 2 ere, evT, etum, to fill. 

implico, 1 are, cuT, citum (or 
avi, atum) , entwine, entangle. 

imploro, 1 are, avi, atum, to im- 
plore, entreat. 

impono, 3 ere, posui, positum, to 
place upon, impose, inflict. 

importo, 1 are, avi, atum, to im- 
port. 



impotens, tis, impotent, uncon- 
trollable. 
impotentia, ae, F., impotence, 

ungovernableness . 
improbus, a, um, bad, wicked, 

mischievous, obstinate (66). 
impubes, is or eris, youthful, 

beardless. 
impudens, tis, shameless, im- 
pudent. 
Imus, a, um, lowest, foot of 
in (ace.), into, for, towards; 

(abl.), in, in regard to, upon. 
inanis, e, empty, unreal. 
incantamentum, 1, N., enchant- 

?nent. 
incedo, 3 ere, cessi, cessum, move 

on, advance. 
incendium, 1, N., fire (confla- 
gration). 
incendo, 3 ere, dl, sum, set on 

fire, inflame. 
incertus, a, um, uncertain. 
inchoo (or incoho), 1 are, avi, 

atum, to begin, undertake. 
incido, 3 ere, cidl, casum, to fall 

upon, happen (in ; cado). 
incido, 3 ere, cidl, cisum, to cut 

upon, inscribe (in; caedo). 
incipio, 3 ere, cepl, ceptum, to 

begin (in; capio, take hold). 
incito, 1 are, avi, atum, to incite, 

rouse. 
includo, 3 ere, si, sum, to shut 

in, enclose (in ; claudo) 
incolo, 3 ere, colul, to inhabit. 
incolumis, e, safe, unhurt. 
incommodum, I, n., annoyance, 

inconvenience, disaster (by a 

euphemism : 35). 
inconditus, a, um, unfashioned, 

rude (ill put together). 
incredibilis, e, incredible. 
increpo, 1 are, ul, itum, to chide, 

shout at. 
incultus, a, um, unctdtivated, 

rude (in; colo). 
incumbo, 3 ere, cubui, cubitum, 

lie upon, devote one's self to. 
incunabula, orum, N., cradle. 
hide, thence, then. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



207 



indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, 
dishonorable. 

index, icis, c, guide. 

indico, 1 are, avl, atum, point out, 
indicate. 

indico, 3 ere, xT, ctum, to declare. 

indigeo,' 2 ere, ui [egeo], to need 
(with gen : 26). 

indignor, 1 an, atus, to be in- 
dignant, deem unworthy 

indignus, a, um, unworthy (abl.). 

inditus, a, um, put on, given. 

indo, 3 ere, didi, ditum, to put 
upon, bestow. 

indoles, is, F., talent, disposi- 
tion (13). 

induco, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to lead 
or bring on. 

induro, 1 are, avl, atum, harden. 

indulgentia, ae, F., indulgence. 

indulgeo, 2 ere, si, sum, to in- 
dulge (dat.)- 

induo, 3 ere, ui, utum, to put on. 

industria, ae, F., industry, dili- 
gence ; de , on purpose. 

indutus, a, um, clad. 

inedia. ae> F., fasting, famine. 

inepte, foolishly. 

inerro, 1 are, to wander in or 
over, pass before (dative). 

iners, tis, stupid, lazy. 

infacetus, a, um, without humor. 

infamis, e, ill-famed, infamous. 

infandus, a, um, shocking, un- 
speakable. 

iufans, tis, c, infant. 

infelix, icis, unfruitful, unfor- 
tunate, unhappy. 

inferior, ius (comp. of inferus), 
lower, inferior. [below. 

infernus, a, um, of the world 

infero, ferre, tuli, latum (illatum), 
bring or throw in or upon; 
bellum infero, make war. 

inferus, a, um, lower, below. 

infestus, a, um, hostile, da?tger- 
ous, in a dangerous condition. 

infidus, a, um, unfaithful. 

infimus, a, um, lowest. 

inlinitus, a, um, tinlimited, in- 
finite, immeasurable (finis). 



infirmus, a, urn, feeble, infirm. 

inflammo, 1 are, avi, atum, to set 
on fire. 

inflatus, a, um, inflated, puffed 
up. 

infortunium, 1, N., misfortune. 

ingeniosus, a, um, jull of 'genius. 

ingenium, i, n., nature, mind, 
genius (13). 

ingens, tis, vast, monstrous (65). 

ingenuus, a, um, noble, free- 
born (62). 

inhabito, 1 are, avT, atum, inhabit. 

inhumanus, a, um, rude, churl- 
ish, ill-bred, barbarous^. 125). 

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, hos- 
tile ; personal ene?ny (54). 

iniquus, a, um, unjust (aequus). 

initium, T, N., beginning ; initio, 
at first (in; eo, entering on). 

injicio (Tnicio), 3 ere, jeel, jec- 
tum, to cast upon (in; jacio). 

injucundus, a, um, unpleasant. 

injussu (abl.), without orders 
(with genitive, from). 

in juste, unjustly 

injustus, a, um, unjust. 

inlatus, a, um, brought upon or 
against (infero). 

innatus, a, um, inborn, innate. 

innocens, tis, harmless, innocent. 

innocentia, ae, f., innocence. 

innuo, 3 ere, ui, utum, nod, hint. 

inopia, ae, F., want, need. 

inquam (def. Gr. p. 81), say 
(always in direct discourse 
and following some of the 
words said) : said he, &c. (64). 

inrideo, 2 ere, risT, risum, to 
mock, laugh at. 

inrumpo, 3 ere, rupT, ruptum, to 
break in or upon, burst in. 

insanio, 4 Ire, ivi, Ttum, be i7isane. 

insanus, a, um, unsound, insa?ie. 

insero, 3 ere, serul, sertum, weave 
in, bind in. 

insero, 3 ere, sevi, situm, to im- 
plajit. [fishing). 

insectum, 1, n., insect, fly (for 

insequor, 3 sequl, secutus. to fol- 
low closely, pursue (95). 



2C8 



Latin Method. 



insideo, 2 ere, sedl, sessum, to 
sit upon, be established. 

insidiae, arum, F., ambush, plot, 
treachery. 

insidior, 1 an, atus, plot against, 
lie in wait for (as game). 

insignis, e, marked, distin- 
guished. 

insitus, a, um (part, of insero), 
fixed, implanted. 

insolens, tis, unused, insolent, 
arrogant. 

insomnium, I, N., sleeplessness, 

insono, 1 are, sonul, resound 
over, rattle (dat.). 

mstabilis, e, varying, unsteady. 

Instituo, 3 ere, ui, utum, to estab- 
lish, train (statuo). 

institutum, I, N., institution (any 
thing established). 

insto, 1 are, stiti, to be at hand, 
insist on, threaten. 

instructus, a, um, equipped, 
ar?ned. 

instruo, 3 ere, xT, ctum, furnish, 
set in order, equip. 

insula, ae, F., island. 

insum, esse, fill, to be in or on, 
belong (dat.). 

intactus, a, um, tmtouched. 

integer, gra, grum, sound, whole. 

integritas, atis, F., uprightness, 
soundness. 

intelligo (-lego), 3 ere, xT, ctum, 
to understand (inter ; lego). 

intendo, 3 ere, tend!, tentum, or 
sum, strain, devote. 

intentus, a, um, fixed, intent. 

inter (ace.), between, among; 
inter se, with each other. 

inter dico, 3 ere, xi, ctum, inter- 
dict, forbid. 

interdiu, by day, in the day time. 

inter dura (adv ), sometimes. 

interea, in the mean tune. 

interest, erat, &c, it interests or 
is important (to the state, civ- 
itatis ; to me, mea, § 50, 4. a). 

interficio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, to 
kill. 

interim, meanwhile. 



interior, ius, i7tner. 

intermisceo, 2 ere, miscuT, mix- 
turn or mistum, mingle among. 

interpellator, oris, m., inter- 
rupter; sine interpellatore, 
without interruption. 

interrumpo, 3 ere, rupi, ruptum, 
to break down, interrupt. 

intersum, esse, fui, to be present 
at or engaged in (dat.). 

intimus, a, um, inmost. 

intra (ace), within. 

intro, 1 are, avi, atum, to enter. 

intuli, see infer o. 

intus (adv.), within. 

inundo, 1 are, avi, atum, to over- 
flow, inundate (unda) . 

inutilis, e, useless. 

invado, 3 ere, si, sum, to advance 
upon, attack, invade. 

invenio, 4 Ire, venl, ventum, come 
upon, find (55). 

investigo, 1 are, avi, atum, track, 
trace, investigate (following a 
scent) . 

invideo, 2 ere, vldi, visum, to 
envy (dat.). 

invidia, ae, f., envy, jealousy, 
?nalice, odium {76). 

invidiosus, a, um, envious, 
odious. 

inviolatus, a, um, unharmed. 

invisus, a, um, hated. 

invito, 1 are, avi, atum, entertain, 
invite (with ad or in). 

in vitus, a, um, unwilling, reluc- 
tant. 

ipse, a, um, self (emphatic), him- 
selfi herself, &c. 

ira, ae, f., anger. 

iracunde (adv.). with irascibility, 
with little patie?ice. 

iracundus, a, um, i7'ascible, high- 
tempered, passionate. 

irascor, 3 T, Iratus, to be angry. 

ire, see eo (p. 39). 

is, ea, id, he, she, it, that (52). 

Isocrates, is, M., an orator of 
Athens. 

iste, ista, istud, that yonder, that 
of yours (52). 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



209 



ita, so, thus, 

Italia, ae, F., Italy. 

itaque, therefore, accordiiigly. 

item, likewise, also. 

iter, itineris, N., way, journey, 

march. 
itero, 1 are, av!, atum, to repeat. 
iterum, again, a second ti?ne. 



tjAC, throw (jacio, 3 conjicio). 
jaceo, 2 ere, jacuT, jacitum, to lie, 

be low, lie low. 
jacio, 3 ere, jeci, jactum, throw, 

cast. 
jacto, 1 are, avi, atum, cast, toss, 

boast (intens. of jacio). 
jam, now, already ; jam non, 

no longer (with present) ; jam 

vero, then again; (with future), 

presently j jam pridem nonful, 

it is long since I have been. 
Janiculum, T, N., a hill of Rome. 
janua, ae, F., doorway, door (86). 
jocor, 1 an, a.tus, jest, foke. 
jocus, T, M. ; pi., joca, orum, n., 

jest; per ]ocum, for fun. 
Jovis, see Juppiter. 
jubeo, 2 ere, jussi, jussum (ace. 

and infin.), to order, command. 
jucunditas, atis, F., pleasure, 

delight. [fid. 

jucundus, a, um, peasant, cheer- 
judex, icis, c, judge, juror ; 

in plural, properly jurors. 
judicium,!, N ., judgment, cou7't. 
judico, 1 are, avi, atum, judge, 

decide. 
%]\JG,join (jungo, 3 conjux). 
juglans, andis, F., walnut. 
jugum, 1, n.,yoke, ridge of hill. 
Jugurtha, ae, M., a king of Nu- 

midia. 
Julius, T, m., Julius, a man's 

name ; as adj., of Julius. 
jungo, 3 ere. nxT, nctum, to join, 

connect (JUG : 63). 
Juno, onis, F., Juno, queen of 

the gods. 



Juppiter, Jovis, M., Jupiter, king 

of the gods. 
jus, juris, N., right, justice (57). 
jus, juris, N., broth. 
justitia, ae, v., justice. 
Justus, a, um, just. 
jussu (abl.), by command. 
juvencus, 1, m., bullock. 
juvenis, is, c, young person 

(from 20 to 40). 
juventus, utis, F., youth. 
juvo, 1 are, juvT, jutum, aid, help, 

do good, favor, please (ace.), 
juxta, near (ace). 



K. 

Kalendae, arum, f., Kalends 

(1st of the month). 
Karthago, inis, F., Carthage. 



L. for Lucius, a Roman name. 

labor (6s), oris, M., toil, hard- 
ship (jS). 

labor, 3 !, lapsus, to fall, fail, de- 
cay, glide, [labor. 

laboriose (adv.), with 'great 

laboriosus, a, um, toilsome. 

laboro, 1 are, av!, atum, toil, labor, 
trouble one^s self. 

labrum, 1, n., lip. 

lac, lactis, n., milk. 

Lacedaemon, onis, ona, Lace- 
deem 071 or Sparta, a city of 
Greece. 

Lacedaemonius, a, um, Lace- 
dctmonian, Spartan. 

laceratus, a, um, mangled. 

lacero, 1 are, av!, atum, to mangle. 

lacertus, !, m., the arm (above 
the elbow : comp. brachium). 

lacrima, ae, F., tear. 

lacus, cus, m., lake (p. 18). 

laedo, 3 ere, s!, sum, to injure, 
hurt (ace). 

laetifico, 1 are, av!, atum, to 7nake 
glad (J&.qX.w&\ facio). 



2IO 



Latin Method. 



laetitia, ae, F., joy. 

laetus, a, urn, glad, blooming, 
gladdening (by abundance). 

laevus, a, um, left (left hand). 

lampas, adis (os), ada, adas, F. ? 
lamp, torch. 

lapis, idis, M., a stone (59). 

lapsus, a, um, fallen (labor). 

lapsus, sus, M.,fow. 

laqueus, i, m., noose, snare. 

largior, 4 Irl, Itus, to lavish, give 
lavishly (37). 

largitas, atis, F., generosity, 
abundance, bounty. 

largus, a, um, broad. 

Lars, tis, M., an Etruscan title. 

lateo, 2 ere, latui, be hidden (with 
ace, from). 

laterculus, T, m., brick. 

Latinus or Lathis, a, um, Latin 
(of Latium). 

latitudo, inis, F., breadth. 

latro, 1 are, avi, atum, to bark. 

latro, onis, M., robber. 

latro cinium, 1, n., robbery. 

latus, eris, n., side. 

latus, a, um, wide. 

laudatio, onis, F., praise, eulogy. 

laudatus, a, um (part, of follow- 
ing), much praised. 

laudo, 1 are, avi, atum, to praise. 

laus, laudis, F., praise (46). 

lautus, a, um, noble, elegant, 
dainty ; part, of 

lavo, are or ere, lavl or lavavi, 
Javat- laut- or lotum, to wash. 

lectus, T, m., bed (60). 

legatus, I, m., lieutenant, am- 
bassador (part, of lego : 42). 

legio, onis, F., legion (61). 

legitimus, a, um, lawful, estab- 
lished by law. 

lego, 3 ere, legl, lectum, gather, 
read, choose. 

legumina, um, N. pi., vegetables. 

lenio, 4 ire, Ivi (ii,) Itum, soothe, 
cahn, soften. 

lenis, e, gentle, smooth, mild (41). 

lentus, a, um, slow. 

leo, onis, M., lion. 

lepus, oris, M., hare. 



letum, T, N., death. 

levamen, inis, N., relief, alle- 
viation. 

levis, e, light. 

levis, e, smooth. 

le vitas, atis, F., lightness. 

levitudo, inis, F. , smoothness. 

levo/ are, avi, atum, to lighten, 
lift, relieve. 

lex, legis, F., law (written). 

liber, bri, m., book. 

liber, era, erum,/ra? (62). 

Libera, ae, F , Proserpine, daugh- 
ter of Ceres. 

liberator, oris, M., deliverer. 

liber e, freely. 

liberi, orum, M., children. 

libero, 1 are, avi, atum, set free. 

libertas, tatis, F., liberty, free- 
dom. 

libet (or lubet), uit, itum est, it 
pleases (dat.). 

libido, inis, F., passion, desire. 

libum, T, n., cake. 

Jlic, leave (linquo 3 ). 

licet, licuit, licitum est, it is per- 
mitted, one may (dat.). 

lictor, oris, m., lictor, attendant 
on a Roman magistrate ; ex- 
ecutioner. 

ligo, 1 are, avi, atum, to fasten, 
bind (63) . 

ligo, onis, M., hoe, mattock. 

ligustrum, 1, n., privet (a hedge- 
plant). 

limen, inis, N., threshold, en- 
trance (86). 

lingua, ae, F., tongue, language. 

linquo, 3 ere, liqui, to leave. 

liquidus, a, um, clear, trans- 
parent. 

lis, litis, F., lawsuit, quarrel. 

litera (littera), ae, F., letter of 
the alphabet : plur., a letter, 
epistle, literature. 

literatus, a, um, learned, let- 
tered. 

litus (littus), oris, N., sjiore. 

loco, 1 are, avi, atum, to place, 
station, let (for hire). 

locuples, etis, wealthy. 



Vocabulary: Latin and English, 



211 



locupleto, 1 are, avi, atum, enrich. 

locus, I, m. : plur., loca, orum, 
N., place, region. 

locusta, ae, F., locust, grass- 
hopper. 

longaevus, a, um, aged. 

longe, ius, issime, far, by far, 
at a distaiice. 

longinianus, a, um, long-handed, 

longinquus, a, um, distant, long 
(of time). 

longus, a, um, long j longum est, 
it would take too long. 

loquax, acis, talkative. 

loquor, 3 1, locutus, speak (64). 

lubet (or libet), it pleases, one is 
glad. 

lubricus, a, um, slippery. 

lucidus, a, um, bright, trans- 
parent, glittering (lux) . 

lucrum, 1, N., gain. 

luctor, 1 ari, to wrestle, struggle. 

luctus, us, M., grief, mourning 

(38)- 

Lucullus, T, m., a Roman name. 
Lucumo, onis, an Etruscan title, 

properly, one inspired. 
lucus, 1, m., grove (96). 
ludibrium, T. m.,jest, mockery. 
ludo, 3 ere, si, sum, to play, sport. 
Ludovicus, 1, m., Lewis. 
ludus, 1, m., play, school; plur., 

public games. 
lugeo, 2 ere, xi, ctum, to grieve, 

mourn. 
lumbricus, T, M. , earlh-wor?n. 
lumen, inis, N., light. 
luna, ae, F., moon. 
lupa, ae, F., she-wolf. 
lupus, 1, M., wolf 
luscinia, ae, f., nightingale. 
lustro, 1 are, avi, atum, purify, 

survey. 
lusus, us, M.,play, sport. 
lutulentus, a, um, muddy, dirty. 
lutum, T, N., mud. 
lux, lucis, F., light. 
luxT, see lugeo. 
lyra, ae, F., lyre. 
Lysias, ae, m., an orator of 

Athens. 



M. 



M., abbrev. of Marcus. 
M'., abbrev. of Manius. 
Macedo, onis, a Macedonian. 
machina, ae, F., machine, engine, 
macies, iei, F., e?naciation, iea?i- 

ness. 
macte (voc.), well-done! prosper. 
maculo, 1 are, avi, atum, stain. 
maestus, a, um, sad, sorrowful. 
magis, more. 

magister, trl, m., master, teacher. 
magistra, ae, F., mistress. 
magis tratus, tus, M., magistrate, 

office. 
magnitudo, inis, F., greatness, 

size j incredibili magnitudine, 

of 7narvellous size. 
magnopere, greatly. 
magnus, a, um, great (in all 

senses), powerful (65). 
major, us (comp. of magnus), 

greater, older. 
majusculus, a, um, somewhat 

large or larger. 
male, ill. 
maledico, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to speak 

ill, curse (dat). 
maleficium, I, n., ill deed, crime. 
malo, malle, maluT, wish more, 

choose rather (p. 38). 
malus, a, um, bad, malicious (i. e. 

intended evil : 66). 
mancipium, 1, n., a chattel, 

slave (taken in the hand). 
mandatum, 1, n., co?nmand. 
maneo, 2 ere, mansT, mansum, 

wait, stay, remain, await. 
manes, ium, M., a departed spirit. 
maniplaris, e, belonging to a 

company, maniplary. 
maniplus, T, M., wisp of straw 

(used as a standard for a mili- 
tary company, hence later the 

company itself: 61). 
Mantinea, ae, F., a city of 

southern Greece, 
manus, lis, F., hand, troop. 
Marcellus, 1, M., a famous Ro- 
man. 



212 



Latin Method. 



Marcus, I, m., a proper name. 

mare, is, N., sea. 

maritimus, a, urn, of the sea, on 
the sea. 

maritus, I, If., husband. 

marmoreus, a, urn, of marble, 
glistening. 

Mars, Martis, M., the god of war. 

mater, tris, F., mother* 

materia, ae ; ies, iei, f. , timber, 
material, \bered. 

materiatus, a, urn, built, ti?n- 

maternus, a ; urn, of a mother, 

matricida, ae, C, matricide. 

matrimonium, I, N. , marriage. 

matrona, ae, F., matron, mar- 
ried woman, 

mature, early, hastily, pro?nptly. 

maturus, a, urn, ripe, early. 

maxime, chiefly, especially. 

maximus, a, urn, greatest. 

Maximus, I, m., Q. Fabius Max- 
imus, a Roman commander in 
the war against Hannibal. 

medeor, 2 eri, to heal. 

medicabilis, e, curable. 

medicamen, inis, N., remedy. 

medicamsntarius, pertaining 
to (dealing in) remedies. 

medicamentosus, curative. 

me die amentum, i, N., re?nedy, 

medicina, ae, F., medicine, 

medicinalis, e, medicinal, 

me die or, 1 an, atus, heal. 

medicosus, a, um, curative, 

me die us, 1, M., physician. 

meditor, 1 ari, atus (devote one's 
self to), practise, meditate. 

medius, a, um, mid, middle, 
middle 0/"(in agr. with noun). 

mel, mellis, N., honey. 

meleagris, idis, F., a guinea-hen, 

membrana, ae, F., membrane y 
parchment. 

memento (imperat.), remember. 

memini (def.), remember (68). 

memor, oris, mindful, 

memorandus, a, um 7ne7?iorable, 

memoria, ae, F., ?nemory. 

memoro 1 , are, avl, atum, call to 
mind, relate. 



mendacium, T, n., falsehood. 

mendax, slcis, false, deceitful. 

mens, mentis, F., mind, wits (13). 

mensa, ae, F., table. 

mensis, is, M., month. 

mensura, ae, F., 7neasure, 

mentior, 4 iri, Itus, to lie (speak 
falsely). 

mercenarius, T, m., hireling, 

merces, edis, F., wages (40). 

merces, ium, F., plur., commo- 
dities, wares, 

mercor, 1 ari, atus, trade, buy. 

Mercurius, 1, m. , Mercury, god 
of trade, &c. 

mergus, 1, M., diver, sea-fowl. 

meridies, iei, M., mid-day, noon, 
south. 

meritum, 1, N., merit, service. 

meritus,a, um (part, of mereor), 
deserved ; merito, deservedly. 

messis, is, F., harvest (94). 

-met, intens. (added to pronoun). 

metior, 4 iri, mensus, measure, 
7neasure out. 

metuo, 3 ere, vii,fear, dread (69). 

metus, us, M., fear, apprehen- 
sion. 

meus, mea, meum, my, mine ; 
voc. m., mi. 

mico, 1 are, micui, quiver, shine, 
glitter. 

migratio, onis, F., migration. 

migro, 1 are, avl, atum, to re7nove, 
e77iigrate. 

miles, itis, c, soldier. 

milia, pi. of mille. 

militaris, e, 77iilitary. 

militia, ae, f., 7nilitary service 
(22) ; militiae, abroad (in mil- 
itary service). 

milito, 1 are, avl, atum, serve 
(as a soldier). 

mille, plur. milia, thousand. 

Miltiades, is, an Athenian com- 
mander. 

minaciter, threatetiingly. 

minae, arum, F., threats. 

minax, acis, threate7ii7ig, 

Minerva, ae, F., Minerva, god- 
dess of arts and wisdom. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English* 



213 



minime, least- of -all, no, by no 
means. 

minimus (sup. of parvus), the 
least ; — natii. youngest. 

minister, trl, M., attendant. 

ministra, ae, F., handmaid. 

minis tro, 1 are, avi, atum, serve, 
supply, afford. 

minitabundus, a, um, in a 
threatening manner. 

minitor, 1 an, atus, to threaten. 

minor, minus, smaller, lesser, 

minus, less (adj. or adv.). 

mirabiliter, wondei'fully. 

miraculum, 1, N., a miracle, 
wonder. 

miror, 1 an, atus, to wonder. 

mirus, a, um, wonderful, 7tiar- 
veilous j quid mirum ? what 
wonder f 

misellus, a, um, dim. of 

miser, era, erum, wretched. 

miser e, wretchedly. 

miseresco, 3 ere, pity (gen.). 

miseria, ae, F., misery (38). 

misericordia, ae, ¥.,pity, mercy. 

miserrimus, a, um, unhappiest. 

mitesco, 3 grow soft or mellow. 

mitigo, 1 are, avi, atum, to mel- 
low, taine down. 

mitis, e, mild, gentle, mellow. 

mitto, 3 ere, mlsl, missum, to send 
(see p. 134). 

mixtura, ae, F., mixture. 

mobilis, e, movable, pliant. 

modeste, modestly. 

modestia, ae, F., modesty. 

modestus, a, um, modest. 

modice, moderately. 

modicus, a, um, moderate. 

modius, T, m., modi us, a meas- 
ure of grain ; a peck. 

modo (in a manner), only, just 
now; non modo, not only. 

modus, 1, M. , manner, measure, 
limit (48) ; ejus modi, such, of 
that sort. 

moenia, ium, N., fortifications. 

mola, ae, F., mill, grain. 

molestia, ae, F., vexation, dis- 
tress, trouble (38). 



j molestus, a, um, vexatious ; 
moles te fero, to be vexed at. 

molior, 4 in, Itus, to attempt, do 
(with effort : 18). 

mollio, 4 Ire, Ivi, Itum, to soften. 

mollis, e, soft, s7nooth, 7nealy (of 
fruits, &c), ripe (41). 

mollitia, ae, F., effeminacy, soft- 
ness. 

momordi, see mordeo. 

moneo, 2 ere, ul, itum, warn, ad- 
monish, advise. 

monitus, us, M., admonition. 

mons, montis, m., mountain. 

monstro, 1 are, avi, atum, to show, 
point out (80). [ster. 

monstrum, 1, N., prodigy, 7non- 

monumentum, 1, N., mo7iume7it, 
record. 

mora, ae, F., delay. 

mordeo, 2 ere, momordi, morsum, 
to bite. 

mores, um, m. (mos), character, 
habit (70). 

moribundus, a, um, dying. 

morior, 3 I, mortuus, to die. 

moror, an", atus, to delay. 

morosus, cross, ill-te77ipered. 

mors, mortis, F., death. 

mortalis, e, 7nortal. 

mortuus, a, um, dead. 

mos, moris, M., custom; plur., 
also character (70). 

motus, us, M., disturbance (of 
insurrections, and the like : 71). 

moveo, 2 ere, movl, motum, 77iove 
(in all senses). 

mox, presently. [06). 

mucro, onis, M., blade, sword 

mugio, 4 Ire, ivi (il), Itum, bellow 
(like cattle). 

mulier, eris, F., wo7Jian. 

multiplex, plicis, 7na7iifold, re- 
peated. 

multitudo, inis, F., 7nultitude y 
great nu7nber. 

mult5 (adverbial ablative), by 
much, 7nt4ch. 

multum,;/z//<:^ (with part. gen.). 

multus, a, um (generally plural), 
much, 7na7iy. 



214 



Latin Method. 



mulus, I, m., mule. 

mundus, I, M., the universe, the 

world. \tion. 

munimentum, T, N., fortifica- 
munio, 4 Ire, Ivi (il), Hum, fortify. 
munus, eris, N., office, gift (40). 
munusculum, 1, N., little gift. 
murmuro, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

murmur, mumble. 
murus, 1, M., wall. 
mus, muris, M., mouse. 
mutatio, orris, F., change. 
muto, 1 are, avi, atum, to change. 
mutus, a, um, dumb, mute. 
myrica, ae, F., heather. 
myrtus, us or 1, F., myrtle. 



N. 



Jn ac, find, win (nanciscor 3 ). 

nam, namque, for. 

nanciscor, 3 ci , nactus or nanctus, 
catch, get, find (55). 

nares, ium, F., nostrils, scent. 

narro, 1 are, avi, atum, tell, relate, 
talk ^/"(with ace). 

Nasica, ae, M., Nasica, a name 
of a family of Scipios. 

nascor, 3 ci, natus, be born (gen). 

natio, onis, F., nation (50). 

nato, 1 are, avi, atum, to swim. 

natu, by birth (abl.). 

natura, ae, F., nature. 

naturalis, e, natural. 

natus (part, of nascor), a, um, 
born; as noun, son. 

nauta, navita, ae, M., sailor. 

navigo, 1 are, avi, atum, to sail, 
navigate. 

navis, is, F., ship ; — longa, gal- 
ley (a ship of war, driven by 
oars : 73). 

ne, lest; with imperat, not; with 
subj., not to; ne . . quidem, 
not . . even, not . . either. 

-ne (enclitic),, mark of interroga- 
tion, whether. 

{nec, bind (necto, 3 nexus). 

nee (neque), and not, neither, 
nor. 



nee enim, for . . not (you see). 
necessarius, a, um, necessary. 
necesse (indecl.), necessary. 
necessitas, atis, F., necessity. 
neco, 1 are, avi, atum, to destroy, 

kill. 
nefarius, a, um, wicked, abo7ni- 

nable. 
nefas, moral wrong, iinpiety. 
negligo (ego), 3 ere, neglexT, ctum, 

neglect, disregard (nee ; lego). 
nego, 1 are, avi, atum, to refuse, 

deny (ne ; aio). 
negotior, 1 an, atus, do business. 
negotium, 1, n., business, task. 
nemo, inis, c, 710 one, no (in 

apposition with noun) ; nemo 

non, every one. 
nemus, oris, n., wood, grove (96). 
nepos, otis, M ., grandson. 
nequam (indecl.), ior, issimus, 

worthless. 
nequaquam, by no means. 
neque, see nee. 
nequeo, ire, ivi (il), itum, cannot 

(see p. 40). 
nequiquam (nequicquam), in 

vain, to no purpose. 
nequis, nequa, nequid, not (lest) 

any. 
nereis, idis, F., nereid, sea- 
nymph. 
Nereus, T (eos), m., Nereus, god 

of the sea-depths. 
nescius, a, um, ignorant. 
Nestor, oris, m., Nestor, a wise 

and aged Greek chieftain, 
neve, nor. 

nex, necis, F., death (by vio- 
lence) (neco 1 ). 
nidus, 1, M., nest. 
niger, gra, grum, black, dark in 

co J or (9). 
nihil, indec, nothing; (as adv.), 

not at all. 
nihilominus, nevertheless. 
nihilum, 1, N., nothing. 
nil = nihil, nothing. 
nimius, a, um, excessive. 
nimis, too, too much. 
nisi, unless. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



215 



niteo, 2 ere, ul, to shine, glitter. 

nix, nivis, F., snow. 

nobilis, e, well-known, famous, 
noble (gno in gnosco). 

nobilitas, atis, F., nobility. 

nocens, tis, injurious, guilty (66). 

noceo, 2 ere, nocui, nocitum, do 
harm, hurl, injure (dat.). 

nocturnus, a, um, nightly, of 
the night (nox). 

nodosus, a, um, knotty. 

nodus, f, M., knot. 

nolo, nolle, nolul, to be unwilling 
(p. 38) ; noli, do not (prohib.). 

nSinen, inis, N., name, bill of 
exchange (74). [mention. 

nomino, 1 are, avi, atum, to name, 

non, not. 

nonaginta, ninety. 

nondum, not yet. 

nonne, not ? {does not f do . . 
not? whether . . not). 

nonnullus, a, um, some. 

nonnunquam, so7netimes. 

norim for noverim, see nosco. 

nos, nostrum, tri, nobis, we. 

nosco, 3 ere, novi, notum, learn ; 
perf. know (as an acquaint- 
ance : GNO). 

noster, tra, trum, our, ours. 

notus, a, um, known (nosco). 

Notus, 1, m., south wind. 

novem, nine. 

noverca, ae, F., step?nother. 

novi, / know (nosco). 

novo, 1 are, avi, atum, to renew. 

novus, a, um, new. 

nox, noctis, F,, night. 

nubei, is, f., cloud (ji). 

nubilus, a, um, cloudy. 

nubo, 3 ere, nupsi, nuptum (dat.), 
?narry (of the woman). 

nudus, a, um, naked, bare, unclad. 

nullus, a, um (gen. lus), no, none. 

num, sign of question expecting 
negative answer : translate in 
indirect question, whether; in 
direct, by denial and question 
together, is not % is it? 

numen, inis, N., nod, will, di- 
vine being, divinity. 



numero, 1 are, avi, atum, to ntim- 
ber, account. 

numerus, 1, m., niunber. 

Numida, ae, M., a Numidian. 

Numitor, oris, If., grandfather 
of Romulus. 

nummus, 1, M., coin = 5 cts. 

numquam (nunquam), never. 

nunc, now (emphatic). 

nuntio, 1 are, avi, atum, bring 
news, annou7ice, report. 

nuntius, 1, m., messenger, mes- 
sage, {veiled). 

nupta, ae, F., married, bride (lit. 

nuptiae, arum, F., 7narriage. 

nusquam, nowhere. 

nutrio, 4 Ire, IvI (ii), Ttum, to 
flourish. 

nux, nucis, f., nut; hldere or 
certare nucibus, play marbles. 

nympha, ae, F., nymph. 



O (interjection), Oh! 

ob (ace), on account of. 

obeo, Ire, ii, itum, go to 7neet 

or in the way, to die. 
obfero (offero), ferre, tull, latum, 

bring in the way of, offer. 
obfirmo, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

strengthen against, strengthen. 
objicio (obicio), 3 ere, jeel, jec- 

tum, cast at, throw in the way. 
oblecto, 1 are, avi, aXxam, delight, 

amuse, entertain. 
oblitus, a, um, forgetful, part, of 
obliviscor, 3 I, oblitus, to forget. 
obnoxius, a, um, exposed, liable. 
obscurus, a, um, obscure. 
obsequium, I, n., indulgence (of 

whims), deference. 
observo, 1 are, avi, atum, to keep, 

observe, watch. 
obses, idis, c., hostage. 
obsideo, 2 sedl, sessum, besiege. 
obsidio, onis, F. ; -ium, 1, n., 

siege. 
obsisto, 3 ere, stitl, stitum, to 

withstand, resist. 



2l6 



Latin Method. 



obstinatus, a, um, obstinate. 
obsto, 1 are, stiti, statum, to stand 

against, oppose. 
obstupefacio, 3 ere, feci, factum, 

to stupefy, amaze. 
obtempero, 1 are, avl, atum, to 

give heed, observe (dat.). 
obtestor, 1 an, atus, appeal, ad- 
jure (79). 
obtineo, 2 ere, ui, tentum, to hold, 

retain (ob; teneo). 
obtingo, 3 ere, tigi, fall to the lot 

of any one (dat : ob; tango). 
obtrecto, 1 are, avl, atum, to de- 
tract, oppose, speak enviously. 
obtrunco, 1 are, avl, atum, to 

kill (with a blow : truncus). 
obtuli, see obfero (offero). 
occasio, onis, F., opportunity. 
occasus, us, M-, setting, west. 
occido, 3 ere, cidi, casum, to fall, 

set (ob ; cado). 
occido, 3 ere, di, sum, to kill 

(ob ; caedo) . 
occulo, 3 ere, culul, cultum, hide. 
occultus, a, um, hidden ; in oc- 

culto, under cover. 
occupatus, a, um, busy, engaged. 
occupo, 1 are, avl, atum, seize, 

take possession of 
occurro, 3 ere, curri or cucurrl, 

cursum, to run up, run to 

meet, oppose. 
octavus, a, um, eighth, 
octo, eight. 

octogesimus, a, um, eightieth. 
oculus, T, M., eye. 
odi, odisse, osus, to hate (p. 40). 
odiosus, a, um, odious, hateful. 
odium, 1, N., hate, hatred (76). 
odor, oris, M., smell. 
offero, see obfero. 
officium, 1, n., duty, service ($7). 
oleum, I, N., olive -oil, oil. 
olim, once, of old, formerly . 
oliva, ae, f., the olive-tree. 
olive turn, T, olive-orchard. 
omen, inis, N., omen. 
omitto, 3 ere, misi, missum, to 

let go, neglect. 
omnino, altogether, at all. 



omnis, e, all, every (77) ; omnia, 

every thing. 
onerarius, a, um, of burden (as 

a ship). 
onus, eris, n., burden. 
opaco, 1 are, avl, atum, to darken. 
opera, ae, F., work, help, pains 

(58) ; pi., workmen. 
opes, opum, f., plur., resources, 

wealth (78). 
opifex, flcis, c, workinan. 
opinio, onis, F., notion, idea (31). 
opinor, 1 ari, atus, to think, 

deem. 
opiparis, e, sumptuous. 
oportet, uit, there is need (p. 40). 
oppidanus, 1, m., townsman; 

pi., townspeople. 
oppidum, 1, n., fortified town 

(98). 
opportunitas, atis, F.,ftness. 
opportunus, a, um,ft, suitable, 

exposed (30) . 
opprimo, 3 ere, press!, pressum, 

oppress, crush (ob ; premo). 
oppugno, 1 are, avl, atum, attack, 

besiege (in the modern sense), 
[ops], opis, F. (only used in the 

nominative as name of a god- 
dess ; in the other cases), help. 
optime (superl. of bene), best. 
optimus, a, um, best (bonus). 
opto, 1 are, avl, atum, choose, 

desire, wish for (with ace). 
opulentia, ae, F., wealth. 
opus, eris, N., work (58), need; 

as pred., needful. 
ora, ae, F., shore, coast. 
oratio, onis, F., speech, oration, 

plea, discourse. 
orator, oris, M., orator, envoy. 
orbis, is, M., circle, world; or- 

bis terrarum, the earth. 
orbus, a, um, bereft, deprived. 
ordino, 1 are, avl, atum, to set in 

order, regulate. 
ordo, inis, m., order, rank, class. 
Orgetorix, igis, M., an Helvetian 

chief. 
oriens, tis, M., rising, east. 
origo, inis, F., origin. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



217 



orior, In, ortus, rise (inflected in 

3d conjugation). 
ornamentuni, 1, N., ornament. 
ornatus, us, M., ornament. 
orno, 1 are, avT, atum, to furnish, 

adorn, equip. 
oro, 1 are, avl, atum, pray, en- 

treat, pray for (79) . 
ortus, us, M., rising, birth. 
ortus, a, um (part, of orior), 

risen, rising, descended. 
Ortygia, ae, F., the island on 

which Syracuse is built. 
os, oris, n., mouth. 
os, ossis, N., bone. 
oscen, inis, M., a bird giving 

ome?is by its 7iote (technical 

word of augury : os ; cano). 
osculor, 1 arl, atus, kiss. 
ostendo, 3 ere, di, sum, or turn, 

to show (80). 
ostento, 1 are,avi, atum, display. 
ostium, I, n , door (outer : 86), 

mouth (of a river), 
ostrum, T, N., purple, [leisure. 
otior, 1 an, atus, be idle, enjoying 
ot.osus, a, um, at ease, leisurely. 
otium, T, N., leisure, ease, peace. 
ovile, is, n., sheepfold. 
ovis, is, F., sheep. 
ovum, 1, N., egg. 



P. 



P. for Publius. 

pace tua, by your leave (pax). 

pactum, 1, N., way, meaiis. 

paedagogus, T, m., tutor of boys. 

paene, almost. 

paenitentia, ae, F., penitence. 

paenitet (poenitet), uit, it re- 
pents (p. 40) ; me — , / repent. 

TAG.fx (pango ; 3 pax). 

paganus, 1, m., a villager. 

pagus, 1, M., village, canton, 
district. 

palam, openly. 

palatum, T, N., palate, taste. 

pallesco, 3 ere, ul, to grow pale. 

pallidus, a, um, pale, pallid. 



palliolum, T, N., robe (99). 

paludamentum, 1, N., military 
cloak (99). 

pal us, udis, F., marsh. . 

paluster, tris, tre, marshy. 

pando, 3 ere, di, pansum or pas- 
sum, to spread (80) . 

papilio, onis, M , butterfly. 

par, paris, equal, a ?natchfor(6). 

par atus, a, um, ready, prepared. 

parco, 3 ere, peperci, parcitum 
or parsum, to spare (dat. : 81). 

parens, tis, C, parent. 

pareo, 2 ere, uT, itum, obey (dat.). 

paries, etis, M., wall (of house). 

pario, 3 ere, peperi, partum (pari- 
tum), bring forth, produce. 

pariter, eqtially, alike. 

paro, 1 are, avl, atum, to prepare, 
get, provide, furnish . 

parricidium, T, N., parricide. 

pars, partis, F.,parl, share. 

particula, ae, F , a particle. 

partus, us, M., birth. 

partus, a, um (part, of pario), 
gained, got, produced. 

paruni (adv.), a little, not enough. 

parumper, a little while. 

parvulus, a, um (dim. of par- 
vus), very small ; ab parvulls, 
from childhood. 

parvus, a, um, small, scanty. 

pasco, 3 ere, pavl, pastum,/J?^. 

pascuum, 1, n., pasture. 

passus, a, um, part, of patior, 3 
suffer; also of pando, 3 spread; 
crinibus passis, with dishev- 
elled hair. 

passus, us, M., step, pace; mille 
passuum, a mile. 

pastor, oris, M., shepherd. 

pastus, a, um, fed, pastured. 

pastus, 11s, M., pasturage. 

patefacio, 3 facere, feci, factum, 
lay open ; pass., patefio(8o). 

patens, tis, open, outspread. 

pateo, 2 ere, ul, tie open, be open. 

pater, tris, m., father. 

patera, ae, F., bowl (sacrificial). 

paternus, a, um, of a father, of 
one s s father. 



2l8 



Latin Method. 



patiens, tis, patient (patior). 
patientia, ae, F., patience. 
patina, ae, F , plate, dish. 
patior, 3 1, passus, to suffer, per- 
mit. 
patria, ae, Y., father land, native 

city or land. 
patricius, a, urn, patrician. 
patrius, a, urn, of a father, of 

one's native city. 
patro, are, avi, atum, to commit, 

perpetrate. 
pauci, ae, a few, a few (only) ; 

paucls, in few words, briefly. 
paulatim, little by little. 
paulisper, a little while. 
paulus, a, urn, small; paulum, 

a little, a little while j paulo 

post, a little after. 
Paulus, 1, m. , a man's name, 
pauper, eris, poor (82). 
paupertas, atis, F., poverty. 
pavi, see pasco. 
pavor, oris, M., terror. 
pax, pads, F., peace. 
peccatum, T, N., sin, wrong (32). 
pecco^are, avi, atum, do wrong. 
pec to, 3 ere, pexT, pexum or pec- 

titum, to comb. 
pectus, oris, n., breast, heart. 
peculium, 1, n. , property (private 

savings of a slave). 
pecunia, ae, F., money, a sum of 

nioiiey. 
pecus, udis, F., creature (in a 

flock), do7nestic animal (51). 
pecus, oris, N., flock (51). 
peditatus, us, M., infantry, 
pellis, is, F., skin, hide (34). 
pello, 3 ere, pepuli, pulsum, to 

drive, expel. 
pendeo, 2 ere, pependl, to hang ; 

— ex, depend on. 
pendo, 3 ere, pependl, pensum, 

to weigh, pay (weighing out 

the coin). [irate. 

penetro, 1 are, avi, atum, to pene- 
penna, ae, F., feather, wing. 
pensum, i, N., task (pendo). 
per- (in comp.), very j as per- 

magnus. 



per (ace), through, by means of. 
peractus, a, urn (perago 3 ), fin- 
ished, complete. 
peragro, 1 are, avi, atum, to travel 

over. 
perceptio, onis, F., a gathering. 
percipio, 3 ere, cepi, ceptum, to 

gather, gain, perceive (capio). 
perconimodus, a, um, very con- 
venient. 
percontor, ari, atus, to inquire. 
percrebresco, 3 ere, ui, thicken, 

become frequent, spread. 
perculsus, a, um (percello 3 ), 

struck through, a?nazed. 
Ferdiccas, ae, M., a king of 

Macedon. 
perdifficilis, e, very difficult. 
perdix, Tcis, c, partridge. 
perdo, 3 didl, ditum, to lose, ruin, 

destroy (83). 
peregrinus, a, um, foreigner, 

fo7'eign. 
perennis, e, perennial. 
pereo, Ire, il, itum, perish (in 

perf.), be dead, be destroyed. 
perexcelsus, a, um, very high, 
perfectus, a, um, perfect, con- 
summate. 
perficio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, to do 

thoroughly, finish, perform. 
perfruor, 3 1, fructus, to enjoy 

thoroughly (abl). 
perfugio, 3 ere, fugi, fugitum, to 

take refuge. 
perfundo, 3 ere, fudi, fusum, to 

pour upon, drench (fud) . 
pergo, 3 ere, perrexl, perrectum, 

keep on, proceed (rego). 
periclitatio, onis, F., trial. 
periculosus, a, um, dangerous. 
periculum, I, N., trial, danger. 
perinde, just so, so much ; — 

ac si, just as if. 
peritus, a, um, skilled (with gen.), 
perlucidus, a, um, very clear. 
permaneo, 2 ere, mansl, mansum, 

to remain. 
permotus, a, um (part, of per- 

moveo 2 ), nioved, disturbed. 
permulti, ae, a, v~ry 7hany. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



219 



penricitas, atis, F., swiftness. 

perobscuru3, a, um, very ob- 
scure . 

perpauci, ae, a, very few. 

perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, 
eternal j perpetuo, constantly. 

Persa, ae, ML, a Persian ; Persa, 
a name (of a dog). 

persequor, 3 sequi, secutus, pur- 
sue, follow out. 

Perses, ae, m., Perses, a king of 
Macedonia. 

Perseus, eos (el), M., the slayer 
of Medusa. 

persevero, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
persevere. 

Persicus, a, um, Persian. 

persona, ae, F., 7nask, character 
(of a play or dialogue). 

perspicio, 3 ere, spexi, spectum, 
to perceive \ ascertain. 

persuadeo, 2 ere, si, sum, per- 
suade (dat.). 

pertineo, 2 ere, tinuT, tentum, 
reach, extend; pertineo ad, 
belong to, have to do with. 

perturbo, 1 are, avi, atum, to dis- 
turb. 

pervenio, 4 ire, venl, ventum, to 
come through, arrive at (with 
ad or in) . 

perverto, 3 ere, tl, sum, overturn, 
overthrow. 

pes, pedis, M., foot, 

pestilens, tis, infected, unwhole- 
some. 

peto, 3 ere, petivl (ii), petitum, 
aim at, seek, ask (79). 

Phalaris, idis, m., Phalaris, a 
name of a tyrant. 

phasianus, 1, m., pheasant. 

philosophia, ae, F., philosophy. 

philosophus, 1, M., philosopher. 

Phocion, onis, M.,a statesman 
of Athens. 

pictura, ae, F., painting, picture. 

pietas, atis, F. , filial or family 
love. 

Jpig, paint (pingo, 8 pictura). 

piger, gra, grum, sluggish , in- 
active, stupid. 



pignus, oris, N., pledge. 

pigritia, ae, F., indolence, stupid- 
ity. 

pingo, 3 ere, pinxi, pictum,/<z////. 

pinus, us or T, F., pine-tree. 

piscator, oris, M., fisherman. 

piscis, is, u.,fish. 

piscor, 1 an, atus, fish, catch fish. 

pius, a, um, pious, tender, kind- 
hearted. 

placeo, 2 ere, ul (or -itus sum), 
itum, please; mihi placet, / 
am willing, I like ; placetne, 
would you like? 

placidus, a, um, 7nild, gentle. 

placo, 1 are, avi, atum, to soothe, 
appease. 

plane, plainly, absolutely. 

plamties, iel, F., plain, level. 

Plat5, onis, M., Plato, 3. Greek 
philosopher. 

plausus, us, M , clapping (of 
hands), applause. 

plebeius, a, um, of the people \ 
plebeian. 

plebs, plebis, F., co?nmon people, 
cormnons (85). 

plenus, a, um, full. 

plerusque, -aque, -umque, most; 
pi., very many ; plerumque, 
generally, for the most part. 

plurimus, a, um, most, very 
much ; pi., very many ; pluri- 
mum, very much, most. 

plus, pluris (see page 16), n., 
more ; plur., more, several. 

pluvia, ae, F., rain (properly an 
adj. with aqua). 

poculum, T, N., bowl (for drink- 
ing ; po). 

poema, atis, n., poem (27). 

Poenus, a, um, Carthaginian. 

poeta, ae, M., poet. 

polliceor, 2 eri, itus, promise 
(freely), offer (84). 

pornum, 1, n., apple, fruit. 

pono, 3 ere, posul, positum, to 
put, place. 

pons, pontis, M., bridge. 

poposci, see posco. [people. 

populari3, e, popular, of the 



220 



Latin Method. 



populatio, onis, F., devastation, 
populeus, a, urn, of the poplar. 
populus, I, M., people or organ- 
ized community (85). 
por- (in compos.), forward. 
porta, ae, F.,gale (86). 
portentum, 1, N., a portent, 

prodigy. 
porticus, us, F., gallery, porch, 

colonnade. 
porto, 1 are, avi, atum, carry. 
portus, us, M., harbor (p. 18). 
Jpos, put (pono). 
posco, 3 ere, poposci, demand, 

clai?n, call for (79). 
possessio, onis, F., possession, 

occupation. 
possideo, 2 ere, sedi, sessum^oi*- 

sess, occupy (potis ; sedeo). 
possum, posse, potui, can, be 

able ; past tenses, could (Sy). 
post (ace), behind, after ; (adv^), 

= postea, afterwards. 
posterus, a, um, later; with dies, 

next j plur., posterity. 
posthabeo, 2 ere, uT, itum. to 

esteem less, neglect. 
posthac, hereafter. [as. 

postquam, after, when, as soon 
postremus, a, um, last ; pos- 

tremum, lastly ; ad — , at last. 
postridie, the next day, or the 

day after. 
postulo, 1 are, avi, atum, to de- 

7nand (79). 
potens, tis, powerful. 
potentia, ae, F., power (88). 
potestas, atis, F., power (over, 

with gen. : 88). 
potio, onis, F., a drink. 
potior, 4 Iri, Ttus, to possess, win, 

gain (p. 38 : abl.). 
potior, us, better, preferable ; 

potius, rather; potissimum, 

first-of-all, chiefly. 
prae (abl.), before, in comparison 

with, considering ; prae se 

ferre, to display. [yield. 

praebeo, 2 ere, uT, itum, to afford, 
praebibo, 3 ere, bib!, bibitum, to 

drink one's health. 



praecaveo, 2 ere, cavi, cautum, 
to take precaution. 

praeceps, cipitis, headlong. 

praeceptor, oris, M., instructor. 

praeceptum, 1, N., instruction, 
precept. 

praecipio, 1 ere, cepi, ceptum, 
instruct (dative). 

praecipito, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
hurry, precipitate. 

praeclare, nobly, handsomely. 

praeclarus, a, um, glorious. 

praeda, ae, F., spoil, booty. 

praedico, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to pre- 
dict. 

praedico, 1 are, avi, atum, tell, 
boast, speak of with praise. 

praedo, onis, M., robber, free- 
bootar. 

praedium, T, n., landed estate. 

praeeo, ire, IvI (il), itum, to go be- 
fore, precede (dat.). 

praefatus, a, um, having spoken 
beforehand', — veniam, apolo- 
gizing. 

praefero, ferre, tull, latum, hold 
before, bear before, prefer (dat). 

praemitto, 3 ere, misi, missum, 
to send forwa?'d, in advance. 

praemium, 1, N. , reward, prize. 

praeparo, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
prepare in advance. 

praeruptus, a, um, broken, steep 
(rumpo). 

praescribo, 3 ere, psl, ptum, to 
prescribe 

praesens, tis, present. 

praesertim, especially. 

praesidium, 1, N., defence. 

praestabilis, e, excellent, ad- 
mirable. 

praestans, tis, excellent, con- 
spicuous. 

praesto, 1 are, stiti, (avi), stitum 
(atum), to excel, bestow; prae- 
stat, it is better. 

praesum, esse, fuT, to be at the 
head of or in com?nand. 

praetendo, 3 ere, dl, turn, hold 
before or close (dative), [except. 

praeter (ace), beyond, besides. 



Vocabtdary : Latin and English. 



221 



praeterea, besides, 

praetereo, ire, il (IvI), itum, to 
pass by ; to go (or return) be- 
yond; praeterita, the past. 

praetor, oris, M., praetor, a Ro- 
man officer, who presided in 
courts. 

pratum, T, N., meadow (8). 

pravus, a, um, bad, evil (66). 

preces, um, f., plur. (also dat., 
ace, abl. sing.), prayers, 

precor, 1 arl, atus, to beseech, 
pray (79) ; bene — , wish well. 

premo, 3 ere, press!, pressum, to 
press ; pressum lac, cheese or 
curd. 

pretium, T, is., price. 

Priamides, ae, m., son of Priam, 

Priamus, 1, if., Priam, king of 
Troy. 

pridem, long ago, long since. 

primores, um, chief men. \ first. 

primus, a, um, first; primo, at 

princeps, ipis, chief. 

principiuni, 1, n., beginning. 

prise us, a, um, early, ancient. 

pristinus, a, um, former, early. 

prius, before, sooner, 

privatim, privately. 

prius . . . quam, before, sooner 
than ; non . . — , not , . until. 

privatus, 1, M., private person. 

privo, 1 are, avi, atum, to deprive. 

pro (abl.), before, for, instead, in 
behalf of , in proportion to, as. 

probabilis, e, probable, approved. 

probo, 1 are, avi, atum, to prove, 
approve. 

procella, ae, F., storm, tempest. 

proceres, um, chiefs. 

proconsul, ulis, M., proconsul. 

procul, far off. 

prodeo, ire, il, itum, to go forth. 

prodesse, infin. of prosum. 

prodigiosus, a, um, prodigious, 
astonishing. 

prodigium, T, N., prodigy. 

prodo, 3 dere, did!, ditum, give 
forth, betray, [br/ng forward. 

produco, 3 ere, xT, ctum, lead or 

proelior, 1 arl, atus, give battle. 



proelium, 1, n., battle (22). 

profecto, as a fact, surely. 

prdfero, ferre, tull, latum, pub- 
lish, give out, put forth, 

proficio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, to 
effect, put forward. 

proficiscor, a ci, profectus, set 
forth, go, proceed (43). 

profugio, 3 ere, fugi, to escape, flee. 

profui, see prosum. 

profundo, 3 ere, fudi, fusum, pour 
forth, lavish. 

progredior, 3 di, gressus, to ad- 
vance (pro ; gradior). 

prohibeo, 2 ere, ui, itum, to forbid. 

proinde, accordingly, so, then. 

projicio 3 (proicio), ere, jecT, 
jectum, cast forth, throw. 

proles, is, F., offspring. 

promitto, 3 ere, misi, missum 
(let go forth), promise (84). 

promissus, a, um (part, of pre- 
ceding), long; N., a promise. 

promo, 3 ere, mpsl, mptum, to 
draw forth ; promptus, ready. 

Pronoea, ae, F., Provide?ice. 

prope (ace), near, near by ; as 
adv., nearly, almost. 

propemodum, almost, nearly. 

prdpere, in haste. 

propero, 1 are, avi, atum, hasten. 

propinquus, a, um, near, neigh- 
boring. 

propitius, a, um, propitious. 

propono, 3 ere, posui, positum, 
propose, set forward. 

propositum, I, n., purpose. 

propter (ace), near, on accoimt 
of; propterea quod, because. 

prorepo, 3 ere, psl, ptum, to crawl 
forth. 

prorsus, altogether, precisely. 

proscribo, 3 ere, scripsl, scrip- 
turn, post up (in writing), ad- 
vertise, proscribe. 

Proserpina, ae, F., Proserpine, 
daughter of Ceres, and queen 
of the lower world. 

prosilio, 4 Ire, ui, spring forth. 

prSspicio, 3 ere, spexi, spectum, 
to look forth, view, see. 



222 



Latin Method. 



prosum (p. 26) , to benefit, help. 

protero, 3 ere, trivl, tritum, to 
tread upon (follow closely). 

protervus, a, um, saucy, bold, 

pr5tinus (adv.), farther on, at 
once, immediately. 

protuli (profero), put forth. 

proverbium, 1, N., proverb. 

providentia, ae, F., providence ', 
foresight, prudence. 

provideo, 2 ere, vidi, visum, pro- 
vide, foresee. 

piovidus, a, um, provident. 

provincia, ae, f., province 
(sphere of action). 

provoco, 1 are, avi, atum, to call 
forth, challe?ige. 

pioximus, a, um, nearest, next; 
e proximo, from near by. 

prudens (= providens), tis, 
prudent, wise. 

prudenter, prudently. 

prudentia, ae, F., prudence, dis- 
cretion. 

prunum, 1, n., a plum. 

prytanium, T, N., town hall. 

publice, publicly, officially, at 
the public expense. 

publicus, a, um, public. 

Publius, 1, m., Roman name. 

pudet, uit, it shames (p. 40). 

pudicitia, ae, F., modesty. 

pudicus, a, um, modest. 

pudor, oris, M., sense of shame, 
or honor. 

puella, ae, F., girl, maiden. 

puer, 1, M., boy, child. 

pueritia, ae, F., childhood (end- 
ing at 17). 

puerulus, 1, M., little boy. 

Jpug, push, prick (pungo, 3 
punctus). 

pugillares, um, note-book (m.). 

pugna, ae, F., battle, fight. 

pugnator, oris, M., fighter,fight- 
ing man. 

pugnax, acis, pugnacious. 

pugno, 1 are, avi, atum, fight (go). 

pugnus, 1, M.,fist. 

pulcher (or pulcer), era, crum, 
beautiful (91). 



pulcritudo, inis, F., beauty. 
pullus, 1, m., chicken, young bird. 
pulso, 1 are, avi, atum, to knock, 

beat (intens. ofpello). 
pulsus, a, um, part, of pello, 

driven, expelled. 
punctum, 1, n., point, spot. 
Punicus, a, um, Carthaginian. 
puppis, is, im, 1, F., stern, ship 

(poetical: 73). 
purpura, ae, F., purple. 
purpuratus, a, um, dressed in 

red; a courtier. 
pusillanimus, a, um, feeble- 

hearted. 
pusillus, a, um, feeble, slight. 
puter, tris, tre, rotten, fetid. 
putesco, 3 ere, putui, to grow 

offensive (in smell), rot. 
puto, 1 are, avi, atum, to think, 

sttppose (92). 
putrefacio, 3 ere, feci, factum, to 

corrupt, rot j pass., f 10. 
Pyrrhus, 1, m., a king of Epirus. 
Pythagoras, ae, m., an ancient 

Greek philosopher. 



Q. for Quintus. 
qua, where, in what way. 
quacumque, wherever. 
quadriennium, 1, n., space of 

four years. 
quae, see qui, or quis. 
quaero, 3 ere, quaesivT, quaesT- 

tum, to seek, ask (79). 
quaeso, 3 ere, IvI (iT), to ask. 
quaestio, onis, F., investigation. 
quaestor, oris, m., quaes tor, a 

Roman officer, like paymaster, 
qualis, e, as, what (correl. to 

talis) ; such as. 
quam, how, as, than; quam 

maxim us, the very greatest 

(as great as the greatest) ; 

quam primum, as soon as 

possible. 
quamdiu, how long, as long as. 
quamobrem, why, wherefore. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



223 



quamquam, although (lit. how- 
ever), though (corrective). 

quamvis, however ?nuch,though. 

quando, when (interrog.), since ; 
num — , whether ever. 

quan doquidem, since. 

quantopere, how greatly. 

quantus, a, um, how great. 

quartus, a, um, fourth. 

quasi, as if, as it were. 

qusitex, four times. 

quatio, 3 ere, quassum, to shake. 

quattuor, four. 

-que (enclitic), and. 

quemadmodum, how. 

queo (def. Gr. p. 82), can (87). 

quercus, us, F., oak. 

queror, 3 1, questus, to complain , 
bewail. 

qui, quae, quod, who, which, 
that, as (rel.) ; quod, so far as. 

qui, old ablative form of quis; 
as quicum, with whom. 

quia, because. 

quicquam, any thing, at all. 

quicquid, whatever, {whoever. 

quicumque, quaecumque, &c, 

quid (adv. ace), what f why ? 

quidam, quaedam, &c, a cer- 
tain one (p. 21, a). 

quidem, in fact, to be sure, at 
least j ne . . quidem, not even. 

quidni, why not ? 

quies, etis, F., quiet, rest. 

quietus, a, um, quiet, still. 

quilibet, quaelibet, &c, any 
(whatever : p. 21, a). 

quin, why not? but that. 

qulnam, quisnam, (emph. inter- 
rog.), who (tell me) ? 

quintuplex, plicis, five-fold. 

Quintus, i, M., a proper name. 

quintus, a, um, fifth. 

Quirites, ium, citizens (Roman). 

quis, quae, quid, who? what? 
(p. 20), quis homo ? what man 
(the person) ? qui homo ? 
what sort of man ? 

quispiam, any one, some one. 

quisquam, quaequam, &c, any, 
any one (p. 21, a). 



quisque, quaeque, quodque, 
every, each. 

quisquis, whoever (p. 21, c). 

quo, whither ; with compara- 
tives, eo . . quo, the . . the. 

quoad, as far as, according as. 

qu5cumque, whithersoever. 

quod (adv. ace. : see qui or 
quis), so far as, the fact that 
(see p. 118). 

quominus, so that not (after 
verbs of hindrance: p. 108, c). 

quomodo, how. 

quondam, once, formerly. 

quoque, also, as well. 

quot, how many, as (many) . 

quotannis, each or every year, 
yearly. 

quotidianus, a, um (adj.), daily. 

quotidie (adv.), daily. 

quoties, how often ? as often as. 

quotus, a, um, one of how 
many; quota hora, what 
o'clock ? (as prima, &c.). 



R. 



rado, 3 ere, si, sum, to scrape, 

graze, shave. 
ramulus, 1, m., a little branch, 

twig. 
ramus, T, m., a branch, bough. 
rana, ae, F.,frog. 
{rap, seize (rapio). 
rapidus, a, um, swift, violent. 
rapio, 3 ere, rapui, raptum, seize, 

carry off (with force : 25) . 
rapto, 1 are, avi, atum, seize. 
raptus, a, um, caught, stolen. 
raptus, us, M., a ca?'rying off. 
raro, rarely, seldom. 
rarus.a, um, rare, few, scattered. 
rastrum, 1, N., rake j pi., rastrl. 
rasus, a, um, shorn (rado). 
ratio, onis, F., reckoning, reason, 

method. 
ratus, a, um, confirmed, fixed. 
Jre, thing, think (res, reor 2 ). 
re- or red- (in compos.), back or 

again. 



224 



Latin Method. 



recens, tis, recent, fresh. 

recidivus, a, um, restored. 

recido, 3 ere, di, casum, fall back, 

recipio, 3 ere, cepT, ceptum, to 
take back, recover (capio). 

recito, 1 are, avi, atum, to recite. 

recludo, 3 ere, si, sum, to unlock, 
throw open (80 : claudo). 

recte, rightly. 

rector, oris, M., ruler (rego). 

rectus, a, um, straight, right. 

recuso, 1 are, avi, atum, decline, 
refuse (causa). 

redditus, a, um, restored. 

reddo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, give 
back, restore, give out, produce. 

redeo, Ire, il, itum, return. 

redintegro, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
renew, restore. 

reditus, us, m., return. 

redolens, tis, having the s??iellof. 

re dun do, 1 are, avi, atum, over- 
flow (unda). 

refero, ferre, tulT, latum, bring 
back, relate, represent, restore, 

rafervesco, 3 ere, vl, to boil up. 

reficio, 3 ere, feci, fectum, to re- 
pair, refresh, 

reflo, 1 are, avi, atum, to blow 
contrary. 

Jreg, guide, rule (rego, 3 rex). 

regia, ae, F. (sc. domus), palace. 

regie, royally. 

regina, ae, F., queen, princess. 

regio, onis, F., region. 

regius, a, um, royal, kingly, 

regno, 1 are, avi, atum, reign. 

rego, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to rule (81). 

religio, onis, F., religion, wor- 
ship, reverence. 

relinquo, 3 ere, HquI, lictum, to 
leave, abandon. 

reliquus, a, um, remaining. 

remadium, I, N., remedy. [(68). 

reminiscor, 3 1, to call to mind 

remissus, a, um, slack, remiss ; 
comparative, less intense. ■ 

remitto, 3 ere, mlsl, missum, send 
back, let go, relax. 

remoror, 1 arl, atus, to delay. 

remotus, a, um, re?note. 



remuneror, 1 arl, atus, to reward. 

renovo, 1 are, avi, atum, to renew. 

renuntio, 1 are, avi, atum, to 
carry back tidings. 

reor, 2 rerl, ratus, think (92). 

reparo, 1 are, avi, atum, to re- 
cover, restore, renew, 

.repello, 3 ere, pull, pulsum, to 
push back, repel. 

repente, sudde?ily, 

repentinus, a, um, sudden. 

reperio, 4 Ire, reperl, repertum, 
find, discover (55). 

repeto, 3 ere, IvI (il), Itum, to 
claiin back, demand. 

repetundae, arum, F., clai?n for 
7-estitution, on a charge of ex- 
tortion (sc. res). 

repono, 3 ere, posui, positum, to 
put by, store. 

reporto, 1 are, avi, atum, to carry 
back. 

reprehendo, 3 ere, di, sum, bla?ne, 



seize. 



reprehenso, 1 are, hold in check, 

reprimo, 3 ere, pressl, pressum, 
to push back, repress, restrain, 

repudio, 1 are, avi, atum, to re- 
ject, repudiate. 

repugno, 1 are, avi, atum, to fight 
back, resist. 

requies, etis, F., rest, repose. 

requiro, 3 ere, slvl (sil), sltum, to 
seek, search, miss (quaero). 

res, rel, F., thing, property, 
state, event ; plur., circum- 
stances; res publica, com7non- 
wealth, public life. 

rescindo, 3 ere, scidl, scissum, 
to cut away. 

reservo, 1 are, avi, atum, reserve, 
keep back, preserve. 

resolvo, 3 ere, vl, solutum, melt y 
dissolve'. 

resono, 1 are, avi, to resound. 

respicio, 3 ere, spexl, spectum, 
to look back. 

respondeo, 2 ere, di, sum, to 
replv, answer. 

res publica, rel publicae, F., 
republic, public life. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



225 



restat, it remains (to be done). 

restinguo, 3 ere, stinxi, stinctum, 
to extinguish, quench. 

restituo, 3 ere, ui, utum, to re- 
store (statu o). 

rete, is, N., hunting ox fishing- 
net. 

retineo, 2 ere, uT, tentum, to hold 
back, retain (teneo). 

retraho, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to drag 
back. 

retro, back, backward, behind. 

re vera, in truth, really. 

reverentia, ae, F., reverence. 

revertor, 3 ti, sus, to return. 

reviso, 3 ere, revisit, see again. 

revoco, 1 are, avi, atum, recall. 

revolo, 1 are, to fly back. 

rex, regis, M., king. 

Rhea Silvia, ae, F., the mother 
of Romulus. 

Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine. 

Rhodanus, 1, m., the Rhone. 

Rhodus, 1, F., Rhodes. 

rictus, us, M., the open mouth. 

rideo, 2 ere, si, sum, to laugh, 
laugh at, ridicule. 

ripa, ae, F., river-bank. 

risus, us, M., smile, laughter. 

rite, rightly, duly. 

rivulus, 1, M., little stream. 

rivus, 1, M., stream, brook (49). 

rixa, ae, F., brawl, quarreL 

r5bustus, a, um, stout, sturdy. 

rogo, are, avi, atum, dejnand, 
ask, ent7'eat (two ace. : 79). 

Roma, ae, F., Ro?ne. 

Romanus, a, um, Roman. 

Romulus, 1, m., the founder of 
Rome. 

ros, roris, M., dew. 

rosa, ae, F., rose. 

roscidus, a, um, dewy. 

rostrum, 1, N., beak; pi., the 
rostrum (the raised platform 
from which Roman orators 
addressed the people). 

rubens, tis, glowing, red. 

ruber, bra, brum, red, ruddy. 

rubigo, inis, F., rust, blight. 

rudo, 3 ere, IvI, Itum, to bray. 



rudus, eris, N., rubbish. 

rugio, 4 Ire, IvI, Itum, to roar. 

rugitus, us, M., roaring, braying. 

ruina, ae, F., downfall, ruin. 

ruinosus, a, um, ruinous. [(46). 

rumor, oris, M., report, rumor 

rumpo, 3 ere, rupl, ruptum, to 
break, burst (rup). 

rupes, is, F., rock (59). 

ruptus, a, um, broken. 

rursus, again. 

rus, ruris, N., the country (as 
opposed to city) ; pi., fields (8) ; 
run, in (rure, from) the coun- 
try j rus (ace), to the country. 

rusticus, a, um, of the country, 
rustic ; M., a farmer. 

ruo, 3 ere, 1, itum, to fall. 



5. 



Sabinus, a, um, Sabine. 
sacer, era, crum, sacred (sac). 
sacerdos, otis, M. or F., priest, 

priestess. 
sacra, orum, N., sacred rites. 
saepe, ius, issime, often. 
saepenumero, oftentimes. 
saevitia, ae, F., cruelty. 
saevus, a, um, cruel (93). 
sagacitas, atis, F., keenness of 

scent, sagacity, keenness. 
sagax, acis, keen, sagacious. 
Saguntum, 1, n., a city of Spain, 
sal, salis, M., salt. 
salio, 4 Ire, ul, saltum, to leap. 
saltatio, onis, F., dancing. 
saltern, at least. 
salto, 1 are, avi, atum, to dance, 

leap (Intens. of salio). 
saluber, bris, bre, wholesome. 
sal us, Otis, F., health, safety, 

preservation. [some. 

salutifer, fera, ferum, whole- 
saluto, 1 are, avi, atum, to salute. 
salveo, 2 ere, be wellj imp., hail! 
salvus, a, um, safe, sound. 
sancio, 4 Ire, sanxl, sanctum, to 

sanction, establish (sac). 
sanctus, a, um, sacred. 
sane, to be sure, doubtless. 



226 



Latin Method. 



sanguis, inis, M., blood (in the 
veins, or fresh), stock, race. 

sanus, a, um, sound, sane. 

sapiens, tis, wise. 

sapientia, ae, F., wisdom. 

sapio, 3 ere, Ivi (ii), to taste or 
savor of, understand, be wise. 

Sardes, ium, Sardis, the capital 
of Lydia (f.) . 

satelles, itis, c, satellite, at- 
tendant. 

satis, enough ; — est, very well. 

satis-facio, 3 satisfy (dat.). 

satus, a, um (part, of sero), 
sown, sprung, descended. 

saxum, I, n., a stone, rock (59). 

scabo, 3 ere, bi, to scratch. 

Scaevola, ae, m., a man's name, 
meaning left-handed. 

scalmus, i, m., thole-pin. 

sceleratus, a, um ; scelestus, a, 
um, wicked, criminal (66). 

scelus, eris, N., criine, guilt. 

scena, ae, F., scene, theatre-cur- 
tain, stage. 

scientia, ae, F., knowledge (17). 

scilicet, that is to say, forsooth. 

scindo, 3 ere, scidi, scissum, to 
cut, rend, divide. 

scio, 4 Ire, TvT, Ttum, know (as fact). 

Scipio, onis, M., Scipio. 

sciscitor, 1 arl, atus , to inquire. 

scriba, ae, M., scribe, secretary. 

scribo, 3 ere, psT, ptum, to write. 

scrip turn, 1, N., a writing. 

scutum, 1, N., a shield (28). 

Scythes, ae, M., Scythian (of an 
Asiatic or Tartar people). 

se, sul, sibi, self (p. 19). 

se-, sed- (in compos.), apart. 

seco, 1 are, uT, sectum, cut. 

sector, oris, m , divider, buyer. 

sector, 1 an, atus, to chase (95), 
hunt (intens. of sequor). 

secundum (prep, ace), alo?ig, 
by, according to. 

secundus, a, um, second, favor- 
able (sequor). 

securis, is, im, 1, F., axe. 

securus, a, um, secure, without 
care or difficulty. 



secutus, see sequor. 

sed, but. 

sedecim, sixteen. 

sedeo, 2 ere, sedi, sessum, sit. 

sedes, is, F., seat, abode (39). 

seges, etis, f., standing crop (94). 

segnis, e, lazy, sluggish. 

semel, once. 

semestris, e, of six months. 

semet, see -met. 

semper, always. 

senatus, us, M., senate. 

Seneca, ae, M., a Roman philo- 
sopher. 

senectus, utis, F., old age. 

senesco, 3 ere, senuT, to grow 
old, wane, waste away. 

senex, senis, M., old ?nan (100). 

seni, ae, a, six (each, at a time). 

senilis, e, of an old man. 

senior, oris, older ; pi., elders. 

Senones, um, a people of Gaul. 

sensus, us, m., feeling, sense. 

sententia, ae, F., opinion (31). 

sentio, 4 ire, sens!, sensum,/"^/, 
notice, perceive, understand. 

sentis, is, M., thorn, brier. 

sepelio, 4 ire, ivi (ii), sepultum, 
to bury. 

sepio, 4 ire, sepsT, septum, to 
fence, enclose. 

septem, seven. 

septimus, a, um, seventh. 

septingenti, ae, a, seven hun- 
dred- 

sepulcrum, T, n., tomb. 

sequor, 3 qui, cutus, follow (95). 

serenus, a, um, cahn, clear, fair. 

Seriphius, a, um, of Seriphus, 
a Greek island. 

sermo, onis, M., talk, discourse. 

sero, 3 ere, seruT, sertum, weave. 

sero, 3 ere, sevT, satum, to plant. 

serpens, tis, M. or F., serpent {12). 

serus, a, um, late, too late. 

servilis, e, of staves, servile. 

servitus, utis, F., slavery. 

servitium, 1, N., slavery, troop 
of slaves. 

servo, 1 are, avT, atum, to save, 
preserve, keep. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



227 



servus, T, m., slave. 
sessio, on is, f., sitti?ig. 
sessum, (sup. of sedeo), to a 

seat. 
sestertium, I, M., 1000 sesterces, 

= $50 (Gr. § 85). 
sestertius, 1, M., sesterce, a coin 

of the value of 5 cents, 
seu, or; seu . . seu, whether . . 

or, if either ...orif. 
severe, with severity. 
severus, a, um, stern, severe. 
sex, six. 

sextus, a, um, sixth. 
si, if. 

sibilo, 1 are, to hiss. 
sic, so, thus. 
sicine, so? (interrog.). 
Sicilia, ae, F., Sicily. 
Siciliensis, e, or Siculus, a, um, 

Sicilian. 
sicut, sicuti, as, just as, as also. 
sidus, eris, N., star, constellation. 
significo, 1 are, avT, atum, make a 

sign, signify, indicate. 
signum,!, N., mark, sign, sta?id- 

ard, statue. 
silentium, I, n., silence. 
sileo, 2 ere, m, to be silent (shout). 
silva, ae, f., wood, forest (96). 
simia, ae, F., a mo?ikey ("pug- 
nose"), 
similis, e, like, similar (6). 
similitudo, inis, F., likeness. 
simul, at the same time j simul 

ac, as soon as. 
simulacrum, 1, N., an image. 
simulo, 1 are, avT, atum, to feign, 

pretend. 
sin, but if. 
sine (abl.), without. 
singularis, e, singular, unique. 
singuli, ae, a (distributive num- 
eral), one by one, single. 
sino, 3 ere, sivT, situm, to leave, 

let, permit. 
sisto, 3 ere, stiti, statum, to set, 

place (sta). 
sitio, 4 ire, Ivi (il), to thirst. 
sitis, is, F., thirst. 
situla, ae, f., water-bucket. 



situs, us, m., neglect, dust. 

situs, a, um (sino), placed; est 
situs, rests, is situated ; in eo 
— , consisting in this. - 

sive, whether, or. 

socer, ceri, m., father-in-law. 

societas, atis, F., partner ship, 
alliance. 

socius, 1, m., companion, pa?'tner, 
ally (29). 

Socrates, is, M., a philosopher 
of Athens. 

sodalis,is ; c, companion, friend, 
schoolmate (29). 

sol, solis, M., the sun. 

soleo, 2 ere, solitus, be accustomed. 

solatium (solacium), 1, n., 
solace, comfort. 

solitiido, inis, F., solitude. 

sollennis, e, customary, solemn. 

sollers, tis, skilful. 

sollertia, ae, F., skill. 

solstitium, I, N., solstice (" sun- 
stay "), midsummer. 

solum, only. 

solum, 1, n., soil, ground. 

solus, a, um, alone, only (p. 7). 

solvo, 3 ere, solvi, solutum,/<90JY?/z, 
relieve; crines solvere, to 
throw loose the hair (in sign 
of mourning). 

somnium, 1, N., dream. 

somnus, 1, m., sleep. 

sono, 1 are, ui, itum, to resound, 
sound. 

sonus, T, m., sound (97). 

sopor, oris, M., sleep. 

sordidus,a, um, dirty, mean (20). 

soror, oris, F., sister. 

sors, sortis, F., lot, destiny. 

sospes, itis, safe (escaped from 
peril). 

Sp. abbrev. of Spurius. 

spargo, 3 ere, si, sum, to scatter. 

Sparta, ae, F., a city of southern 
Greece. 

spatior, 1 arl, atus, to walk about. 

spatiosus, a, um, spacious. 

spatium, 1, N., space. 

species, iei, F., show, appear- 
ance. 



228 



Latin Method. 



specimen, inis, N., show, speci- 
men. 

speciosus, a, um, showy, beauti- 
ful (91). 

spectabilis, e, of noble aspect. 

spectaculum, 1, n., spectacle. 

specto, 1 are, avi, atum, behold, 
view, look, face (-spicio). 

spelunca, ae, F., cavern. 

spero, 1 are, avi, atum, to hope. 

spes, el, f., hope. 

spiro, 1 are, avi, atum, to breathe. 

splendidus, a, um, splendid. 

spolio, 1 are, avi, atum, to rob, 
plunder. 

spondeo, 2 ere, spopondl, spon- 
sum, to pro?nise, pledge, be- 
troth (84). [ised. 

sponsus, a, um, betrothed, prom- 

sponte (abl.), accord ; sua — , 
of his own accord. 

squalens, tis, rude, disfigured. 

squaleo, 2 ere, ui, to be in mourn- 
ing. 

squalor, oris, M., filth, mourning 
apparel, wretched plight (38). 

$STA, stand (sto, 1 sisto, 3 sta- 
tuo, instituo 2 ). 

statim, i7nmediately. 

statio, onis, F., post, station. 

statua, ae, F., statue. 

statura, ae, F., stature. 

status, us, M., posture, attitude, 
condition. 

Stella, ae, F., star. 

sterno, 3 ere, stravT, stratum, 
strew, spread a couch. 

stilus, T, m., style (for writing). 

stimulus, 1, M. , goad. 

stipendium, 1, n., soldier's pay. 

stipula, ae, F., stubble. 

stirps, stirpis, stock, race (50). ' 

sto, 1 stare, stetl, statum, stand, 
stop, cost. 

Stoicus, T, m., a Stoic. 

stomachor, 1 arl, atus, be vexed. 

strenuus, a, um, bold, vigorous. 

strepitus, us, M., noise (97). 

struo, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to build. 

studeo, 2 ere, studui, to be earnest 
or eager, favor (dat), study. 



studium, I, N., earnestness, fond- 
ness (for), study, zeal. 

stultitia, ae, F., folly. 

stultus, a, um, foolish; m., a 
fool. 

stupor, oris, M., stupor. 

suadeo, 2 ere, si, sum, to advise. 

suapte (abl.), his, her, or their 
own (intens. of sua, abl.). 

suavis, e, sweet (41). 

sua vitas, atis, F., sweet taste, 
sweetness. 

suaviter, sweetly. 

sub (abl.), under, near. 

subduco, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to with- 
draw. 

subigo, 3 ere, egl, actum, subdue, 
break in (sub-ago). 

subitus, a, um, sudden; subito, 
suddeiily. 

sublatus, see tollo. 

sublevo, 1 are, avi, atum, to up- 
lift, lighten, relieve (levis). 

sublicius, a, um, of timber, on 
piles. 

subsidium, T, N., help, aid, relief. 

subvenio, 4 ire, venl, ventum, 
come to the relief, help. 

succedo, 3 ere, cessT, cessum, 
come up to, advance, prosper, 
succeed. 

succurro, 3 ere, currl, cursum, 
to run up to, help. 

sudo,i are, avi, atum, to sweat, 
exude. 

sudor, oris, M., sweat. 

Suevi, orum, m., Suevi or Swa- 
bians, a German tribe. 

Sulla, ae, M., Sulla, a Roman 
general. 

sum, esse, fuT, / am, to be. 

summus, a, um, highest, utmost, 
greatest, highest part; — cor- 
tex, outer hull. 

sumo, 3 ere, sumpsT, sumptum, to 
take (25). 

superbia, ae, f., pride. 

superbus, z.,uvci. proud, haughty. 

superincidens, t\s>, falling upon. 

superior, us, upper. 

supero, 1 are, avi, atum, surpass. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English, 



229 



supers tes, stitis, surviving, a 
survivor. 

supplex, icis (adj.), suppliant. 

supplicium, 1, n., supplication, 
(capital) punishment. 

suppono, 3 ere, posui, positum, 
to put beneath (dative). 

supra (ace), above, beyond. 

sur cuius, 1, M., sapling. 

surgo, 3 ere, surrexi, surrectum, 
to rise. 

sus, suis, c, swine. 

suscipio, 3 ere, cepT, ceptum, to 
undertake, receive (in succes- 
sion). 

suscito, 1 are, avl, atum, to roure, 
excite. 

suspicio, 3 ere, spexT, spectum, 
look up to or at, suspect; sus- 
pectus, suspicious. 

sustento, 1 are, avl, atum, sus- 
tain, keep alive. 

sustineo, 2 ere, ui, tentum, to sus- 
tain, check, bear up against 
(sub ; teneo) . 

sustuli, sustuleram, see tollo. 

suus, a, urn, ^> {her or their), 
reflexive (89). 

Syracusae, arum, F., Syracuse, 
a city of Sicily. 

Syiacusanus, a, um, Syracusan. 



tabellae, arum, F., tablets (for 

writing; singular rare), 
tabellarius, T, m., messenger, 

runner (bearer of messages). 
taberna, ae, F., shop, hut. 
tabula, ae, F. s plank, panel (for 

pictures), picture. 
tacitus, a, um, silent. 
tactus, a, um (tango), touched. 
taeda, ae, F., pine-tree, torch. 
taedet, uit, it wearies (ace. and 

gen. or infin.). 
taedium, 1, N., weariness, fatigue. 
Jtag, touch (tango 3 ), 
talentum, T, n., talent (weight 

or money). 



talis, e, such; tale, such a thing, 

talus, T, M., ankle, heel. 

tamen, yet, nevertheless, how- 
ever. 

tamquam (tanquam), so as, 
just so, as if. 

tandem, at length, pray (with 
question). 

tango, 3 ere, tetigl, tactum, touch. 

tanquam, see tamquam. 

tantopere, so much. 

tantum, so much, only ; with 
plur. gen., so many; tantum 
abest, it is so far [from being 
the case]. 

tantus, a, um, so great. 

Tarentum, 1, n., Tarentum, a 
town of South Italy. 

taurus, T, M., bull. 

tectum, 1, n., roof, dwelling. 

tecum = cum and te trom tu. 

Jteg, cover (tego, tectum). 

tegimentum, 1, N , covering, 
clothing, shelter. 

tego, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to shelter, 
cover. 

tellus, uris, F., earth. 

telum, 1, n., weapon of attack 

(16). 

temere, rashly, hastily. 

temno, 3 ere, temps!, to despise. 

temperatus, a, um, tempered, 
temperate. 

tempero, are, avl, atum, to mode- 
rate, control, restrain; spare 
(dat. : 81). 

tempestas, atis, F., weather, 
storm. 

tempestive, seasonably , in sea- 
son. 

templum, T, N., temple. 

tempus, oris, N., time. 

Jten, strain (tendo, 3 teneo 2 ). 

tenax, acis, tenacious (teneo). 

tendo, 3 ere, tetendl, tentum, or 
tensum, to stretch, spread. 

tenebrae, arum, F., darkness, 
dark recess. 

teneo, 2 ere, tenuT, turn, hold, 
possess. 

tener, era, erum, te7ider. 



230 



Latin Method. 



tenuis, e, slender (44). 

ter, three tunes. 

tergum, 1, n., back; a tergo, in 
the rear. 

ternus, a, um, by threes, three. 

terra, ae, F., earth, land. 

terreo, 2 ere, ui, itum, terrify, 
alarm. 

terrester, tris, tre, earthly. 

terribilis, e, full of terror. 

territorium, I, N., territory. 

terror, oris, m., alarm, terror 
(object of alarm). 

tertius, a, um, third. 

tesca, orum, N., thickets. 

testamentum, 1, n., will, tes- 
tament. 

testimonium, T, N., testimo?iy, 
proof. 

testis, is, c, witness. 

test or, 1 ari, atus, to witness, call 
to witness. 

teter, tra, trum, foul, rancid. 

tetigi, see tango. 

theatrum, 1, n., theatre. 

Thebae, arum, F., Thebes, a city 
of Greece. 

Themistocles, is, or T, M., a 
statesman of Athens. 

Thermopylae, arum, F., Ther- 
mo pyltz. 

Theseus, eos (el), king and law- 
giver of Athens, slayer of the 
Minotaur. 

Ti., abbrev. for Tiberius. 

Tiberinus, 1, m., god of the 
river Tiber. 

Tiberis, is, M., the Tiber. 

tibia, ae, F., pipe, leg, shin. 

Tiburtes, um, people of Tibur. 

tigillum, 1, N., dim. of 

tignum, 1, N., beam, log. 

tigris, is (idis), C, tiger. 

timeo, 2 ere, M\mM\,fear (69). 

timescens, tis, taking alarm. 

timidus, a, um, fearful, timid. 

timor, oris, M.,fear. 

titulus, 1, m., placard. 

toga, ae, F. [tego], toga (99). 

tolerabilis, e, tolerable, passable. 

tolero, 1 are, avi, atum, to endure* 



tollo, 3 ere, sustuli, sublatum, 
raise, take up, take away. 

tormentum, 1, n., torment; en- 
gine for hurling stones (tor- 
queo). 

torqueo, 2 ere, torsi, tortum, to 
twist, hurl. 

torvus, a, um, cruel, cross (in 
aspect). 

tot, so many. 

totus, a, um (p. 7), whole, entire; 
with adv. force, wholly (77). 

trado, 3 ere, didi, ditum, to de- 
liver up, betray. 

traduco, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to lead 
across (with two ace). 

tragoedia, ae, F., tragedy. 

traho, 3 ere, xi, ctum, to draw, 
drag, bring ; trahit sua quem- 
que voluptas , every one to his 
liking (Eng. DRAG). 

tranquillus, a, um, tranquil, 
calm. 

trano, 1 are, avi, atum, to swim 
across (trans ; no) . 

trans (ace), across, beyond. 

transeo, Ire, ii, itum, to cross, 
go over. 

transfigo, 3 ere, fix!, fixum, to 
transfix, pierce through. 

transfuga, ae, m., deserter. 

transilio, 4 Ire, ui or IvI, to leap 
across (trans; salio). 

transitus, us, M., crossing, pas- 
sage. 

transno, see trano. 

transvolo, 1 are, avi, atum, to fly 
across. 

trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. 

tremo, 3 ere, tremui, tremble (69). 

tremulus, a, um, trembling. 

trepidatio, onis, F., cowardice, 
alarm. 

trepido, 1 are, avi, atum, to be in 
terror (root trep, turn). 

trepidus, a, um, ti7nid, trem- 
bling. 

tres, tria, three. 

tribunal, alis, N., tribunal, seat 
of justice. 

tribunalis, e, of a tribune. 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



231 



tribunus, T, m., tribune, a ple- 
beian officer. 

tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth. 

triduum, T, N., three days. 

triennium, 1, N., three years. 

trigeniini, orum, three of one 
birth. 

triginta (indec), thirty. 

triquetrus, a 7 um, three-cornered, 

tristiculus, a, um, a little sad. 

tristis, e, sad, gloomy, cruel. 

triticum, I, n., wheat (94: tero). 

Troja, ae, F., Troy. 

Trojanus, a, um, Trojan. 

tropaeum, 1, n., trophy. 

trucido, 1 are, avl, atum, to mas- 
sacre (trux; caedo). 

trux, trucis, cruel, grim, stern, 
ferocious (93). 

tu, tul, tibi, te, thou (p. 18). 

tuba, ae, F., trumpet (straight). 

tubicen, inis, m., trumpeter 
(tuba ; cano). 

Jtud, beat (tundo 3 ). 

tueor, 2 tuerl, tuitus, to gaze at, 
preserve, protect. 

tuli, perf. of fero (p. 38). 

Tullus, 1, m., a Roman king. 

turn, then ; turn . . turn, now . . 
now, not only . . . but also. 

tumeo, 2 ere, ui, to swell. 

tumultuosus, a, um, tumul- 
tuous (tumeo). 

tumultus, us, M., tumult (22). 

tune, you ? 

tunica, ae, F., tunic (99). 

turba, ae, F., a crowd (8$). 

turbo, 1 are, avi, atum, to disturb. 

turpis, e, ugly, disgraceful, evil. 

turris, is, F. (p. 14), a tower. 

tus (thus), tuns, n., incense. 

tutus, a, um, safe, defended ; in 
tutum, to a safe place (tueor). 

tuus, a, um, thy, thine, your 
(almost always). 

Tyndaris, idis, f., daughter of 
Tyndarus (Helen). 

tyrannus, 1, m., tyra?it. 

Tyrius, a, um, Tyrian, of Tyre, 
an ancient city of Syria. 



fiber, eris, rich, fertile. . 

ubi, where, when; where ? when ? 

ubinam, where (emphatic) ? 

ubique, everywhere. 

ubivis, anywhere (where you 

will). 
ulciscor, 3 cl, ultus, to revenge, 

punish. 
Ulixes, is or ei, M., Ulysses. 
ullus, a, um (gen. Tus : p. 7), any. 
ultimus, a, um, last. 
ultor, oris, m., avenger. 
ultu3, see ulciscor. 
umbilicus, T, m., navel, centre. 
umbra, ae, F., shade, shadow. 
umbrosus, a, um, shadowy, 

shady. 
umquam, ever. 
una, together ; una cum, along 

with. 
unda, ae, F., wave. 
unde, whence, from which. 
undique, from every side, every- 
where. 
unguentum, T, n., oint?nent. 
unguis, is, M., claw, talon. 
unicus, a, um, single, unique. 
universus, a, um, all together, 

whole, entire (77). 
unquam, see umquam. 
finus, a, um (gen. Tus : p. 7), one. 
unusquisque, unaquaeque, &c. 
. (gen. uniuscuj usque), each one, 

every one. 
urbanus, a, um, of the city, polite. 
urbs, urbis, F., city (98). 
uro, 3 urere, ussl, ustum, to burn. 
ursus, I, m., a bear. 
urtica, ae, F., nettle (uro). 
usquam, anywhere. 
usque, even, up to ; quo — , how 

far? — ad, as far as. 
usus, us, m., use, advantage, 

experience (70). 
ut (with subj.), that, so that; 

(with indie), when, as, how. 
uter, utra, utrum, gen. utrlus, (see 

p. 7), which (of the two) ? 



232 



Latin Method. 



uter que, utraque, utrumque (gen. 
utrlusque), both (making the 
verb plural in English). 

uti (ut), that, so that. 

utilis, e, useful, advantageous, 
serviceable, expedient (30). 

utilitas, atis, F., utility, advan- 
tage, usefulness. 

utor, 3 utI, usus, use, employ (abl.). 

utrimque, on both sides. 

utrum, whether (see p. 11). 

iiva, ae, F., grape, cluster. 



vacat, there is leisure. 

vaccinium, 1, n., hyacinth, blea- 
berry. 

vacillo, 1 are, avi, atum, to shift 
about, stagger. 

vacuus, a, um, empty, unoccu- 
pied, empty-handed. 

vado, 3 ere, to go, advance (43). 

vae, alas / 

vagio, 4 Ire, Tvi (il), itum, to cry 
(as an infant). 

vagor, 1 an, atus, to wander, 
roam. \} n g- 

vagus, a, um, wandering, roam- 

valde, strongly, very, quite. 

valeo, 2 ere, ui, itum, be strojig, 
be well, be worth, prevail (87) ; 
vale (imperzt.), farewell y va- 
leat, valeant, farewell to, away 
with. 

valetudo, inis, F., health (state 
of health). 

validus, a, um, strong (in almost 
all senses). 

vallis (valles), is, F., valley. 

vallum, 1, n., rampart, palisade. 

vanus, a, um, e?npty, idle, vain. 

varietas, atis, F., variety, varia- 
tion. 

vario, 1 are, avi, atum, to va?y. 

varius, a, um, various. 

vastitas, atis, F., devastation, 
desolation, vastness. 

vasto, 1 are, avi, atum, to devas- 
tate, lay waste. 



vastus, a, um, vast (65), desolate. 

-ve (enclitic), or. 

vehementer, vigorously, very 
much. 

Veientes, ium, the people of 

Veil, orum, m., a city near Rome. 

vel, or, even; vel . . vel, either 
. . or. 

velox, ocis, swift. 

velut, as, just as. 

venabulum, I, n., hunting-spear. 

venalis, e, for sale. 

venator, oris, M., hunts?nan. 

venatrix, icis, F., huntress. 

venatum, see venor. 

venditio, onis, F., sale. 

venditor, oris, m., the seller. 

vendo, 3 dere, didi, ditum, put to 
sale, sell (venum ; do). 

venerium, 1, n., poison. 

veneo, Ire, Ivi (il), itum, to be 
sold (go to sale : venum ; eo). 

veneror, 1 arl, atus, to venerate, 
worship. 

Veneti, orum, m., a people of 
western Gaul. 

venia, ae, F., pardon, permis- 
sion, favor, indulge7ice. 

venio, 4 Ire, venl, ventum, come. 

venor, 1 arl, atus, hunt; vena- 
tum (sup.), a-hunting. 

ventus, I, M., wind (\cj). 

Venus, eris, f., the goddess of 
Love and Beauty, [elegance. 

venustas, atis, F.. grace, polish, 

ver, veris, N., spring. \_scou?ge. 

verbero, 1 are, avi, atum, to beat, 

verbum, 1, n., a word. 

vere, truly, with truth, rightly. 

verecundus, a, um, bashful, 
?7iodest. 

vereor, 2 erl, itus, to respect, fear 
(69), vereor ne veniat, I fear 
he will co?ne; vereor ut — , 
I fear he will not come. 

Veritas, atis, F., truth. 

vermis, a, um, spring (adj.), of 
the spring, vernal. 

vero, in truth, in fact, but, and 
(with emphasis on the word 
which precedes). 



Vocabulary : Latin and English. 



233 



Verres, is, m., a tyrannical Ro- 
man governor of Sicily. 

verro, 3 ere, verrl, versum, to 
sweep, sweep away. 

verso, 1 are, avi, atum, to turn 
(freq. of verto). 

versor, 1 ari, atus, to be, abide, 
turn about, occupy one^sselfin. 

versus, us, if., verse (verto). 

vertex, icis, M., the head, top, 
vertex (sometimes equivalent 
to vortex, whirl, eddy). 

verto, 3 ere, ti, sum, to turn. 

verum, but, in truth, {earnest. 

verus, a, um, true; re vera, in 

vescor, 3 ci, to feed on (abl.). 

vesper, en, m., eve7ii?ig; ad ves- 
perum or vesperi, at evening. 

vespera, ae, F., evening. 

Vesta, ae, f., goddess of the 
Hearth or Home. 

vestibulum, 1, n., vestibule. 

vestigium, 1, N.,footpri?it, trace. 

vestio, 4 ire, Ivi (ii), Itum, to 
clothe, cover (as with gar- 
ment, forests, &c). 

vestis, is, F., clothing, raiment, 
vesture (99). 

vestitus, us, m., clothing, garb, 
covering (99). 

veto, 1 are, vetuT, vetitum, to for- 
bid (ace. and infin.) . 

vetus, eris, old, ancient (100). 

vetustas, atis, F., antiquity. 

vexillum, 1, N.,fag, standard. 

vexo, 1 are, avi, atum, to vex, 
trouble, distress. 

via, ae, F., way, road, course (56). 

Via Sacra, the principal street 
of Rome. 

viator, oris, M., a traveller. 

{VIC, conquer (vinco 3 ). 

vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. 

vicinum, 1 (n. of the following), 
neighborhood. 

vicinus, a, um, neighboring j 
M., ?teighbor. 

vicis (gen.), em, e ; plur. es, 
ibus, F., share, turn, cha?tging 
aspect ; meam vicem, on my 
account j in vicem, in turn. 



victor, oris, M., conqueror ; (as 
adj.), victorious. 

victoria, ae, F., victory. 

victus, us, M.,/ood, living (vivo). 

video, 2 ere, vidl, visum, see; 
videor, eri, vis us, to be seen, 
see?n, appear. 

videsne, don't you see ? 

vigeo, 2 ere, to be vigorous or 
flourishing. 

vigil, ilis, watchful; M.,a watch- 
man (vigeo). 

vigilantia, ae, F., watchfulness. 

vigilia, ae, F., watching, watch 
(division of the night). 

vigilo, 1 are, avi, atum, to watch, 
wake, remain awake. 

viginti (indecl.), twenty. 

vilis, e, cheap. 

vilitas, atis, F., cheapness. 

villa, ae, F., farm-house, villa or 
country-house (39). 

villus, 1, m., shaggy hair (of ani- 
mals), wool. 

vincio, 4 ire, vinxi, vinctum, to 
bi?td about, fasten (63) . 

vinclum = vinculum. 

vinco, 3 ere, vici, victum, to con- 
quer (vie). 

vinculum, 1, n., bond, tie, chain. 

vindico, 1 are, avi, atum, assert, 
clait7t, punish. 

vinea, ae, f., a vine-trellis, shed 
(for besiegers). 

vinum, T, N., wine. 

vir, viri, m., man ($3), husband. 

virens, tis, green, flourishing. 

vires, ium (vis), f., strength. 

virga (ula), ae, F., rod, twig. 

virginitas, atis, F., virginity, age 
or condition as a maiden. 

virgo, inis, F., maiden, virgin. 

virgultum, 1, N., shrubbery (15). 

virilis, e,ofa man, manly. 

virtus, utis, F., manliness, valor, 
excellence, virtue. 

vis, vis, vim, vl, f., force, vio- 
lence; plur. vires, strength. 

viscera, um, N., flesh (plur. of 
viscus, a vital organ). 

visne or vin (volo), will you t 



234 



Latin Method* 



visurus, fut. part., and visus, 

perf . part, of video, 
visus, us, M., sight, vision 

(video), 
vita, ae, F., life. 
viti5sus, a, um, vicious, full of 

faults. 
vitis, is, F., grape-vine. 
vitium, I, N., vice, fault. 
vito, 1 are, avi, atum, to avoid. 
vitupero, 1 are, avi, atum, to 

blame, censure (vitium). 
vivo, 8 ere, vlxi, vlctum, live. 
vivus, a, um, alive, living. 
vix, with difficulty, scarcely, 
vocalis, e, loud, vocal, tuneful. 
vociferor, 1 an", atus, to call 

aloud, shout (vox ; fero) . 
voco, 1 are, avi, atum, call (in 

all senses), 
volantia, um, N., flying things, 

insects. 
volcanus, I, M.,fre (Vulcan). 
Volcanus or Vulcanus, I, m., 

Vulcan, the god of Fire, 
volens, tis, willing. 
volo, 1 are, avi, atum, to fly. 
volo, velle, volul (irreg. p. 39), to 

wish (33). 



voluntas, atis, F., will, feeling, 
wish. 

voluptas, atis, F., pleasure. 

vos, vestrum or vostrum (tri), 
vobis, you (p. 18). 

vo3met, yourselves (emphatic ; 
see -met). 

votum, 1, N., vow. 

voveo,' 3 ere, vovi, votum, vow. 

vox, vocis, F., voice (97) . 

vulcanus, see volcanus. 

vulgaris, e, of the crowd, vulgar. 

vulgus (volgus), 1, n., the lower 
classes, the crowd (85). 

vulnus (volnus), eris, N., a 
wound. 

vulpes, is, ¥.,fox. 

vultus (voltus), us, M., ex- 
pression, face, countenance. 



Xerxes, is, m., a king of Persia. 



Z. 



Zephyrus, i, m., the West wind. 



Note. — The final o in verbs, and in such words as leo, natio, though 
almost invariably long, is regarded by most prosodists as common, and 
has therefore not been marked. The authority for special exceptions 
will be found in Arnold's " Anticleptic Gradus." 



Synonymes. 235 



SYNONYMES: 

WITH GROUPS OF VARIOUSLY RELATED WORDS, ILLUSTRATING 
ONE ANOTHER'S MEANING, 



Note. — In using the following list of allied or kindred words,* it 
must be borne in mind that the distinctions drawn are often slight, and 
that, especially in poetic use, the boundaries are varying and uncertain. 
The accurate meaning and employment of words should always be 
sought in a larger lexicon. 

1. A, ab (opp. to ad), away from; de, down or aside from; e, 
ex (opp. to in), out of. 

2. abdo, 3 abscondo, 3 hide, or put out of sight ; condo, 3 re- 
condo, 3 lay away for safe keeping; occulo, 3 occulto, 1 cover up; 
celo, 1 conceal from one what he has a right to know (compare 80). 

3. abeo, go away ; exeo, go out from; discedo, 3 depart to 
some other place ; decedo, 3 give way to some one else ; excedo, 3 
withdraw wholly ; proficiscor, 3 set forth on a journey. 

4. accidit, 3 it happens (suddenly), with reference to some effect ; 
contingit, it befalls (fortunately), coincident with something else ; 
evenit, it turns out, as resulting from some event ; obtingit, it falls 
to, by lot or otherwise ; obvenit, it results from some chance, &c. 

5. acies, army in line of battle — with its " edge " of weapons ; 
agmen, in line of march (ago) ; exercitus, the disciplined force 
itself (see 61). 

6. aequus, level, even; also fair, calm, just; par, equal, in num- 
ber, strength, &c; aequalis, usually of like age ; aequabilis, equable 
in one's self, uniform ; similis, like. 

7. aeta3, age (period of life); tempus, time (of limited dura- 
tion) ; aevum, a long period ; saeculum, age or century. 

8. ager, field in general, especially wild or open, also public 
territory ; campus, an extended plain; arvum, ploughed land; 
pratum, meadow, level or grassy ; rus, the country, as opposed to city. 

* Prepared with the aid of Ramshorn's u Latin Synonymes," aud of the lists in Bul- 
lions' s Dictionary. 



236 Latin Method. 

9. albus, dead white (opp. to ater); candidus, bright white (opp. 
to niger) ; canus, gray or hoary. 

10. altus, high, deep ; arduus, steep, difficult; ceisus (excel- 
sus), lofty, stately ; editus, uplifted; sublimis, on high. 

11. amo, 1 to love with affection ; diligo, 3 with esteem ; adamo, 1 
conceive affection for ; deamo, 1 of ardent passion. 

12. anguis, snake (swift, darting); serpens, the crawling crea- 
ture (vipera, coluber, &c, special venomous kinds) ; draco, 
dragon, often used poetically for serpens. 

13. anima, life (animal life) ; animus, soul (thought or passion) ; 
mens, intelligence ; indoles, disposition, talent ; ingenium, mind or 
genius, as innate quality. 

14. animal, animal, the living thing ; bestia, beast (wild and 
fierce ; plur. brutes in general) ; belua, a bulky and monstrous crea- 
ture (as elephant or whale) ; fera, wild animal as opposed to tame ; 
pecus, tame animal as opposed to wild (see 51). 

15. arbor, tree; frutex, shrub; arbustum, a place planted with 
trees; virgultum, bushes, thicket. 

16. arma, weapons in general, especially defensive : galea, 
helmet ; loiica, corselet of leather or metal ; ocreae, greaves for the 
leg ; scutum (or clipeus, 28), shield. It may also, more generally, 
include offensive weapons (for which the proper word is tela): 
gladius, sword, short, straight, and pointed (ensis, mucro, ferrum, 
poetic) ; pilum, javelin, a heavy missile with long thin blade and 
stout handle ; hasta, spear or pike, for thrusting ; jaculum, dart ; 
arcus, bow; sagittae, arrows, &c. 

17. ars, art (the practice ; artes, acquired skill) ; scientia, knowl- 
edge (theory) ; artificium,- skill of the artifex, or craftsman. 

18 audeo, 2 dare, in reference to danger; conor, 1 undertake, of 
importance ; molior, 4 attempt, of difficulty. 

19. aura, breeze ; ventus, wind ; flamen, blast ; flatus, fiabrum, 
of gentle or favorable winds. 

20. avarus, covetous ; avidus, greedy ; cupidus, eager ; parous, 
frugal ; sordidus, mean, stingy. 

21. avis, a bird (feathered creature) ; ales, winged (especially of 
large birds, or poetic) ; volucris, as capable of flight ; praepes. of 
swift and lofty flight ; oscen [os, cano], of omen by the voice. 

22. bellum, war ; pugna, fight (in general) ; proelium, battle; 
militia, warfare (the soldier's trade) ; tumultus, a sudden tumult 
or insurrection (near home). 

23. bonus, good (kind or virtuous) ; probus, upright ; fortis, 
bold, manly, valiant; honestus, honorable (see 41). 



Synonymes. 237 

24. caedes, killing, massacre ; clades, defeat, disaster ; strages, 
carnage ; internecio, destruction. 

25. capio, 3 grasp, contain; accipio, 3 to receive; excipio, 3 take 
what comes in one's way ; recipio, 8 to take back ; suscipio, 3 under- 
take ; rapio, 3 seize; adripio, 3 corripio, 3 seize with force or eager- 
ness ; sumo, 3 to take (without force). 

26. careo, 2 to lack or be in want ; egeo, 2 indigeo, 2 to be in need ; 
vaco, 1 to be empty or at leisure. 

27. carmen, a song or brief poem (the words) ; cantus, song (as 
sung) ; versus, poema, the composition. 

28. clipeus, shield, oval, of brass ; scutum, of wood, with skin 
covering and iron rim ; parma, pelta, cetra, buckler (small shields 
of peculiar shape) ; ancile, short and oval, borne in processions. 

29. comes, companion (fellow traveller) ; socius, partner or ally ; 
sodalis, boon companion, or member of a club. 

30. commodus, convenient or suitable in itself; opportunus, fit 
according to circumstance ; utilis, of service to some end. 

31. consilium, counsel or advice, the result of reflection ; sen- 
tentia, opinion, considered and fixed, especially in deliberative 
bodies, as the Senate or a jury; opinio, notion, conjecture (com- 
pare 92). 

32. culpa, fault ; crimen, charge of any offence ; delictum, 
fault of omission or neglect ; peccatum, a wilful misdeed ; facinus, 
act (facio), often implying violence ; maleficium, crime. 

33. cupio, 3 to desire, long for any thing ; concupisco, 3 to feel 
a longing; opto, 1 choose or wish; desidero, 1 to feel the leant of; 
volo, ivish or intend. 

34. cutis, skin (on the body); pellis, the fresh soft hide : cori- 
um, coarse or tanned hide, leather ; aluta, a soft leather prepared 
with alum : tergus, skin of the back and body. 

35. damnum, loss or forfeit ; detrimentum, damage (wearing 
away) ; jactura, loss by shipwreck, &c. (a casting away) ; incom- 
modum, disaster, loss by misfortune or defeat (a euphemism). 

36. daps, any rich food; p\., feast; epulum, a public or religious 
banquet ; cena, dinner, the chief meal of the day ; prandium, me- 
renda, lunch ; jentaculum, an early breakfast ; cibus, any food. 

37. do, 1 to give in general ; dono, 1 of a formal or valuable gift ; 
dedo, 3 surrender (compare abdo, perdo, trado, prodo, condo, vendo) ; 
largior, 4 of lavish gifts. 

38. dolor, pain in general ; maeror, a settled sadness : luctus, 
grief with signs of mourning ; cura, anxiety or distress of mind ; 



238 Latin Method. 

aerumna, misery, affliction; aegritudo, distress (of mind, chiefly) ; 
aegrimonia, of body ; tristitia, sadness as shown by outward signs ; 
miseria, wretchedness, as of destitution, &c. ; molestia, annoyance 
or distress from some special cause ; squalor, disfigurement in sign 
of mourning. 

39. domus, house, as dwelling, also a large or fine house ; aedes, 
as a building, or group of apartments ; tectum, shelter ; sedes, 
place of permanent abode ; villa, farm-house ; insula, a city-mansion 
or block, occupying a whole square ; atrium, hall, the main apart- 
ment of the house ; aula, poetic, and used of royal courts, &c. 
(see 86). 

40. donum, gift ; munus, of bounty or obligation (compare 57) ; 
praemium, reward considered as the receiver's due ; beneficium, 
as the giver's bounty ; merces, wages. 

41. dulcis, sweet ; blandus, gentle, caressing ; comis, kind, cour- 
teous ; lenis, soft ; mollis, smooth (to the touch) ; suavis, agree- 
able to the senses in general ; amoenus, to the eye in particular. 

42. dux, leader, properly a guide (so ductor) ; imperator, com- 
mander, with military authority ; legatus, aid or lieutenant, who 
receives his commission from the Senate instead of popular elec- 
tion, and is hence regarded as a delegate. 

43. eo, to go, in general ; gradior, 3 advance with steps ; grassor, 1 
(intens.), to walk rapidly; proficiscor, 8 set forth ; vado, 3 ' advance 
firmly : spatior, 4 with long or stately strides. 

44. exilis, slight or lean ; tenuis, thin, delicate ; gracilis, slender, 
little ; macer, lean, lank. 

45. fallo, 3 to deceive, or betray into error ; decipio, 8 to take un- 
awares ; fraudo, 1 deprive of one's due ; frustror, 1 to frustrate or 
disappoint; deludo, 8 beguile. 

46. fama, fame, repute (wide-spread) ; rumor, report ; gloria, 
glory, resting on esteem; laus, praise or good-name ; praedicatio, 
publishing of deeds or merit; decus, outward splendor or distinc- 
tion ; honor, honor or respect, pi. public honors : munus, office, as 
implying service or obligation (compare 57). 

47. felix, happy or fortunate; beatus, prosperous ; faustus, of 
good omen ; fortunatus, lucky, rich (favored by fortune). 

48. finis, end (pi. boundary) ; modus, limit to excess ; terminus, 
landmark ; limes, a belt of land marking the division of estates. 

49. flumen, river or stream in general ; fluvius, the flowing body 
of water ; amnis (generally), broad and navigable ; rivus, rivulus, 
brook, rivulet ; torrens, a sudden violent flow, from rains, &c. 



Synonymes. 239 

50. gens, race including nations (nationes), or house including 
families (familiae) ; genus, origin or kind ; stirps, stock ; prosapia, 
used of ancient and extensive family connection. 

51. grex, flock, especially of sheep, &c. ; armentum, herd of 
cattle, horses, &c. ; jumentum, yoke-beast; pecus, flock or herd 
(pecora, cattle in general) ; pecus (udis), a creature of the flock (14). 

52. hie, this (of the person speaking) ; iste, that (of the person 
addressed) ; ille, that (at a distance, well-known, or the following) ; 
is, especially as correlative with qui, one who, &c. (see Gr. § 20). 

53. homo, man, as a human being in general ; vir, man, a male 
person, or as implying force, energy, &c. 

54. hostis, an enemy (public) ; pi., the enemy : inimicus, a per- 
sonal foe, or rival ; adversaries, opponent at law, &c. 

$$. invenio, 4 to find or meet; reperio, 4 discover something hid- 
den or unknown ; nanciscor, 3 happen upon (as game) ; offendo, 3 
stumble upon. 

56. iter, way of travel ; via, a broad street, &c. ; semita, a nar- 
row way; trames, by-path; callis, foot-track; angiportus, alley- 
way, 

57. jus, a right, or general law ; lex, statute ; fas, moral right, or 
duty ; officium, duty as obligation or service ; munus, duty, as 
connected with civil or official position {function). 

58. labor, toil, hardship ; opus, the work accomplished ; opera, 
implying workmanship or active energy (pi. hands). 

59. lapis, stone of any sort ; saxum, rock, hard or large ; silex, 
flint ; cautes, cliff: rupes, a mass of rock, precipice ; scopulus, a 
peak (giving an extensive view). 

60. lectus, bed; cubile, any resting-place ; stratum, any thing 
strewn, couch or covering : torus, couch, or mattress. 

61. legio, legion (of about 5000) ; cohors, cohort or battalion, 
one-tenth of a legion (in later use, auxiliary infantry) ; manipulus, 
maniple, one-third of the cohort ; turma, troop of 30 horsemen ; 
ala, a division of auxiliary cavalry ; caterva, any band of forces ; 
phalanx, a close array of 800 men (Greek). 

62. liber, free ; libertus, a freedman ; libertinus, one of the class 
of freedmen ; ingenuus, freeborn, or becoming to a freeman. 

63. ligo, 1 to bind fast (by winding about) ; vincio, 4 to bind with 
chains ; necto, 3 to fasten by knotting or entwining ; jungo, 8 to unite 
in one. 

64. loquor, 3 to speak, talk ; dico, 3 to say, or speak more formally ; 
for, 1 to use the faculty of speech; aio, assent, say yes; inquam, 
inquit, said I, said he, only in quotations. 



240 Latin Method. 

65. magnus, great in all senses ; ingens, of extraordinary bulk 
or force ; grandis, large of its kind ; amplus, broad, grand ; pro- 
cerus, tall ; vastus, enormis, of something huge or prodigious. 

66. malus, evil by nature ; pravus, vicious, deformed : improbus, 
unprincipled, dishonest ; scelestus, sceleratus, criminal or wicked ; 
reus, arraigned as an offender ; sons, nocens, guilty. 

6y. mare, sea, as opposed to land ; aequor, the extended sur- 
face ; pelagus, the flood of waters ; pontus, often of some special 
part (a poetic word) ; fretum, strait or narrow sea. 

68. memini, remember ; reminiscor, 3 call to mind; recordor, 3 
endeavor to recall. 

69. metuo, 3 to fear, dread more or less remotely ; timeo, 2 a more 
present danger ; vereor, 2 with awe or respect ; formido, 1 to be in 
a state of dread ; paveo, 2 in a disordered fright ; tremo, 3 tremble. 

70. mos, custom which grows to a rule of conduct ; hence pi. 
character (as formed by conduct) ; consuetudo, a settled custom ; 
usus, experience or advantage of practice. 

71. motus, emotion; affectio, of any change or condition of mind 
or body ; affectus, chiefly of the mind ; perturbatio, trouble or 
irregular passion. 

72. eloquens, eloquent, implying the highest qualities of the 
orator, both fervor and trained skill ; disertus, implying easy skilful 
and natural discourse ; facundus, fluent and tonguey. 

73. navis, ship, generally of large size (navis longa, a galley pro- 
pelled by oars, for swiftness in battle) ; navigium, of smaller craft ; 
linter, cymba, skiff, wherry ; ratis, raft or flat-boat, hastily built ; 
phaselus, a pleasure-boat ; puppis, stern (poetic for navis). 

74. nomen, the family name, as Julius ; praenomen, personal 
name, as Cains; cognomen, surname, as Ccesar ; agnomen (added 
name), of adoption, as Octavianus, or of some exploit, as Africanus. 

J$. nubes, cloud ; nimbus, rain-cloud ; nebula, mist or fleecy 
cloud ; imber, rain-storm ; fulgor, lightning ; fulmen, thunderbolt ; 
tonitru, the noise of thunder ; nix, snow ; grando, hail. 

76. odium, hate ; simultas, malice or grudge ; inimicitia, enmity, 
as from a quarrel between friends ; invidia, odium or unpopularity. 

JJ. omnis, all, every ; totus, whole, as a unit ; cunctus, all con- 
sidered as parts united (conjunctus) ; universus, all together, the 
whole as made up of individuals. 

78. opes, wealth, resources in general, as means to an end ; 
copia, abundance ; divitiae, riches, great wealth ; facultas, property 
as a means of influence, &c. (cf. 88). 



Synonymes. 241 

79. oro, 1 to beg, pray ; peto, 3 seek or request ; qtiaero, 3 seek or 
inquire ; rogo, 1 to entreat as a favor ; obsecro, 1 beseech earnestly ; 
obtestor, 1 conjure, appeal; precor, 1 pray as to a divine being; 
posco, 3 demand with urgency ; postulo, 1 demand as a right ; re- 
peto, 3 claim as one's own. 

80. ostendo, 3 show, hold in sight ; ostento ■ (intens.), display ; 
monstro, 1 point out ; exhibeo, 2 hold forth to view ; pando, 3 spread 
open; aperio, 4 uncover; patefacio, 3 recludo, 3 throw open (as the 
gates of a city), or lay bare what was hidden. 

81. parco, 3 spare ; moderor, 1 restrain, control ; tempero, 1 regu- 
late, refrain ; rego, 3 guide, direct. 

82. pauper, poor (not destitute) ; egenus, distressed by want ; 
inops, destitute, helpless ; egens, indigens, needy. 

83. perdo, 3 to lose (by one's own fault), destroy; amitto, 3 to 
lose by misfortune. 

84. polliceor, 2 to promise, voluntarily ; promitto, 3 to engage for 
the future ; spondeo, 2 to pledge. 

85. populus, the people making a community ; plebs, the com- 
mons, as distinguished from the upper or governing class ; vulgus, 
the lower classes as such ; turba, a mob. 

86. porta, city-gate ; janua, entrance, outer door; foris, the door 
proper ; valvae, folding-doors ; ostium, door-way to an apartment; 
limen, threshold; vestibulum, porch. 

87. possum, / can (of simple ability) ; queo, no obstacle pre- 
venting ; polleo, 2 to be relatively strong ; valeo, 2 to be in good 
health and vigor ; potior, 4 get possession of. 

88. potestas, power (what we may) ; potentia, (what we can) ; 
facultas, power or opportunity of doing (78) ; dicio, jurisdiction; 
imperium, military authority; auctoritas, authority, or influence 
of station, &c. ; gratia, personal influence. 

89. proprius, one's own as opposed to common property ; 
suus, ipsius, as opposed to other persons. 

90. pugno, 1 fight ; certo, 1 strive, vie; contendo, 3 contend for 
the attainment of any thing ; decerto, 1 decerno, 3 decide by contest ; 
dimico, 1 contend as implying two parties. 

gi. pulcher, beautiful, the most general term; formosus, of the 
face and person ; venustus, graceful ; decorus, dignified or becom- 
ing ; speciosus, of fine appearance ; bellus, pretty. 

92. puto, 1 think, suppose ; arbitror, 1 to form a judgment ; credo, 3 
Relieve ; existimo, 1 form an estimate ; reor, 2 of similar meaning, but 
poetic; opinor, 1 suppose (compare 31); censeo, of formal and 
deliberate opinion, especially in the Senate. 



242 Latin Method. 

93. saevus, cruel, wrathful ; barbarus, rude, barbarous ; atrox, 
dreadful ; ferox, fierce in temper ; immanis, monstrous, wicked ; 
durus, harsh, stern; ferus, wild, savage ; dlrus, destructive ; trux, 
of fierce aspect ; crudelis, inexorable. 

94. seges, cornfield (standing corn) ; messis, harvest ; far, spelt, 
a coarse grain, the earliest food of the Romans ; frumentum, 
grain, or corn ; triticum, fine wheat ; hordeum, barley ; avena, oats ; 
fruges, crops, fruits of the earth ; fructus, fruit (of trees) ; anuona 
(the year's produce), grain in market ; hence, price of corn. 

95. sequor, 3 follow; sector 1 (intens.), chase, pursue; inse- 
quor, 3 follow close ; adsequor, 3 come up with ; consequor, 3 over- 
take, attain. 

96. silva, wood, forest ; nemus, grove or park (of tall trees) ; 
lucus, a shady or dark grove ; saltus, glade (open space in the 
woods), defile, or mountain pass. (Both nemus and lucus are 
used of sacred groves, especially the latter.) 

97. sonus, sound ; clamor, shout, cry ; sonitus, a great noise; 
fragor, crash (as of falling trees) ; clangor, noise of arms, blast of 
instruments, &c. ; vox, the voice ; strepitus, a confused noise. 

98. urbs, city, as a collection of buildings, streets. &c. ; civitas, 
the political community ; oppidum, a walled or garrison town. 

99. vestis, clothing in general ; vestitus, apparel; amictus, 
cloak or wrapper; tunica, tunic, a belted shirt without sleeves; 
toga, toga, a large shawl of unbleached wool, the distinguishing cos- 
tume of the Romans ; stola, gown, woman's garment ; peplum, 
mantle worn by women ; palla, upper garment of women ; pallium, 
a Grecian cloak ; sagum, military cloak ; paludamentum, officer's 
cloak ; trabea, a royal robe ; paenula, a travelling cloak. 

too. vetus, old; antiquus, very ancient; priscus, of old time ; 
grandaevus, venerable in years ; senex, old man (after the age of 
63) ; longaevus, of long duration (as custom, &c). 



LATIN. 



I— ALLEN & GREENOUGFS LATIN SERIES. 

N. B. The volumes of this series have undergone constant revision in the 
class-room ; and all corrections or improvements suggested hy experience 
have been and will continue to be introduced in the successive editions. 

A. Elementary Course. 

By J. H. Allen and J. B. Greenough. 

1. LATIN GRAMMAR: a Latin Grammar for schools and 

colleges, founded on Comparative Grammar, pp. 274 (including supple- 
mentary Outlines of Syntax, with new and greatly enlarged Index) . $ 1.25 $ 1.56 

The features of this grammar to which we invite attention, are : 1. The scientific 
form of statement in the Etymology, corresponding to the most advanced views of 
comparative philologists ; 2. The comparison with kindred languages suggested 
throughout, especially in numerous brief philological notes, and in references to the 
syntax of Goodwin's Greek Grammar ; 3. Grouping and subordination of topics in 
the Syntax, — which contains nearly 200 cross-references, with upwards of 1,000 
citations from classic authors, — so that unusual brevity is attained without sacri- 
fice of completeness. 

The arrangement of Sections is throughout by general topics rather than minuter 
subdivisions ; the sub-sections in larger type containing of themselves a sufficient 
outline of grammar for elementary study, while the details in smaller type are de- 
signed to be studied only as they occur in reading or composition. Several portions 
— as of the sections on the Alpha'-et, Inflection, Verb- Forms, and Derivation of 
Words - are not designed for school study, but are prepared with a view to lay a 
foundation for the later scientific study of Philology, through suggestions by the 
teacher. 

2. LATIN METHOD : a Method of Instruction in Latin ; 

being a companion and guide in the study of Latin Grammar. With element- 
ary instruction in Reading at Sight, Exercises in Translation and Writing, 
Notes, and Vocabularies ; also " Outlines of Syntax," taken from the Latin 
Grammar. By the authors of the Grammar 1.00 1.25 

The " Method *' was originally prepared with a view to abridge to the utmost (with- 
out sacrifice of rigid accuracy) the previous stu/Jy of the grammar, as introductory to 
a course of reading ; in answer to the demand of some of our friends for " a thin 
book" with which "to put a class into Caesar within three months " With this 
view, the study of forms and of the simpler constructions is included in twenty- 
eight progressive lessons, pointing out in detail the portions of the grammar to be 
studied, illustrated by considerable detailed instruction, and by exer. ises in Latin 
and English, the former being taken (almost exclusively) from a considerable range 
of classical authors. These are designed to be followed directly by the reading of 
Caesar, or some other easy author ; the remaining portions — Constructions of Syn- 
tax, Derivation of Words, Reading at Sight, and Heading Selections — to be used 
as occasional exercises parallel with a course of reading. 

For those who desire thus to pursue a rapid course of study, the Method will be 
retained in its present form. But, by advice of several experienced teachers, a series 
or Parallel Exercises will be added, with enlarged Vocabulary, g ving very full prac- 
tice on the forms contained in the Lessons_, and on the Constructions of Syntax as 
grouped in the later portion of the book; making, in all, a volume of about 175 
pages (to be published early in the summer). 

1 



3. LATIN COMPOSITION : nn Elementary Guide to Writ- 
ing in Latin. Part I. Constructions of Syntax; Part II. Exercises in Trans- 
lation. By the authors of the Grammar . . . . . . $1. 25 $1.56 

Part First (which is published separately) consists of thirty progressive Lessons, 
with full instructions, exercises, and vocabulary ; and is designed " to furnish a 
sufficient amount of study and practice in Latin composition during the last year 
of preparation for college, or the first of a college course." Part Second consists of 
about forty exercises in translation, chiefly narrative, adapted to the use of advanced 
or college classes ; with annotated references to the Lessons of Part I., and to the 
sections of a special Introduction on the Choice of Words, the Form of the Sentence, 
and Idiomatic Usages. Making, in all , a volume of about 200 pages (to be published 
in the spring). 

The special feature of the ''Composition" is, that its instructions are given 
throughout from the English, point of view. The " Constructions of Syntax " are 
not a reproduction of the Latin Grammar, with illustrations from Latin authors to 
be retranslated to the original form, but are an attempt to meet the question, How 
may good common English be best expressed in Latin? The Exercises, with very 
few exceptions, are taken wholly from English authors 5 and, after the first few 
lessons, consist chiefly of "continuous paragraphs or narratives, which, we believe, 
are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found easier in practice 
than detached sentences, besides the advantage of exhibiting the rarer constructions 
in situ, and not as mere isolated puzzles." 

B. Classical Course. 

Edited by J. H. and W. F. Allen, and J. B. Greenough. 

This series has been prepared especially to meet the present conditions for 
admission to Harvard College (see Catalogue). The grammatical refer- 
ences are to Allen & Greenough's, and Gildersleeve's Latin Grammars. 

1 CAESAR : Caesar's Gallic War : Four Books. With Historical 
Introduction Notes, and a Copperplate Map of Gaul [With or without a full 
Vocabulary by R. F. Pen n ell, of Phillips Exeter Academy.] pp. 154. 

Without Vocabulary 1.00 1.25 

With " 1.25 1.50 

The text of this edition is that of Nipperdey, important variations being noticed. 
The i otes are unusually full in historical illustration, derived largely from Momm- 
sen, Long, Meri vale, the "History of Julius Caesar" by Napoleon III., and the 
excellent school edition of Moberly. In the earlier portions they are especially de- 
signed to guide in a systematic and careful study of Latiu syntax. 

2. SALLUST : The Conspiracy of Catiline as related by Sallust. 

With Introduction and Notes explanatory and historical, pp. 84" . .80 1.00 

3. CICERO I Select Orations of Cicero, chronologically arranged, 

covering the entire period of his public life. From the text of Baiter and 
Kay^er. With Life, general and special Introductions, and Index of topics 
discussed, pp. 3i)4 1.40 1.75 

It is the design of this edition to give a full view of Cicero's public career, as ora- 
tor and statesman, extending through about fortv of the most eventful years of the 
later Republic. With this view, the selection includes the earliest and the latest 
of his puhlie orations, while the special Introductions cover very fully the inter- 
vening political history. Besides the orations more commonly read in schools, are 
given the Roseius and Sestius (abrHged), with the first against, Yerres and the last 
Philippic, — thirteen in all, — with one or two short passages of special celebrity, for 
practice in reading: at sight. Especial care has been taken in the department of 
Antiquities, which has been treated in numerous notes (in smaller type), some of 
them — as that on the Roman Aristocracy — being brief essays on the several topics. 

The Introduction contains a elassified list of all the works of Cicero, with the 
occasions and topics of all of his orations. 

4. CATO MAJOR: Cicero De Senectute, a Dialogue on Old 

Age. With Introduction (on the adoption in Rome of the Greek philosophy) 

and Notes, pp. 57 60 .75 

2 



5. OVID : Selections from the Poems of Ovid, chiefly the Meta- 

morphoses. With special Introductions, Notes, and Index of Proper Names. 
pp.283 $1.20 81.50 

The introductions to the passages from the Metamorphoses (23 in number) give 
the entire argument of the poem, that of omitted portions bracketed. The other 
selections include those of special interest as illustrating the poet's life ; and a list 
is given of all his writings, with their topics and occasions. The Notes contain 
brief instructions on scanning at sight. 

6. VIRGIL : The Poems of Virgil ; Vol. I. containing the Pas- 

toral Poems {Bucolics) and Six Books of the iEneid Chiefly from the text of 
Ribbeck, with select various Headings, Introductions, Notes, and Index of 
Plants (compiled chiefly from Fee's Flore de Virgile, contained in Lemaire's 

"BibliothecaClassicaLatina"). pp.372 1.40 1.75 

The Notes of this edition (which are brief and very numerous are particularly 
indebted to Conington, and are designed "to give not only what may serve the 
learner in the bare understanding of the text , but, along with it, some hint of that 
wealth of traditional interpretation which is more important, perhaps, in the study 
of Virgil than in that of any other ancient poet." 

The following are published in single volumes : — 

Course No. I. A Full Preparatory Course of Latin Prose ; con- 
sisting of Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, Sallust's Conspiracy of Catiline, 
Eight Orations of Cicero, and De Senectute ( Cato Major) . . . 2.00 2.50 

Course No. II. Second Preparatory Course of Latin Prose; 

containing Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, and Eight Orations of Cicero. 

With Vocabulary by R. F Pennell 2.00 2 50 

N. B. Course No. I. is identical with the First Course prescribed for admission to 
Harvard College. Course No. II includes the usual amount required at other col- 
leges. 

TEXTS. — The Texts of the above editions will be issued without 
Notes, for the use of the Recitation-Room. 



n.— ALLEN'S LATIN SERIES. 

By J. H. and W. F. Allen. 

1. LATIN GRAMMAR: Manual Latin Grammar. With 

Tables of Inflection, and Supplement on the Method of teaching Latin, the 
Principles of Inflection and Classification, and on some Peculiar Construc- 
tions pp. 161 1.00 1.25 

2. LATIN LESSONS. Prepared to accompany the Manual 

Grammar, and designed especially to furnish a direct and rapid introduction 
to the study of Caesar. Consisting of sixty Lessons, with the narrative of the 
Helvetian War from the First Book of Caesar, and exercises in Prosodv. 
pp. 134 1.00 1.25 



3. LATIN READER : Consisting of Selections from Ca?sir 




Pliny (Letters), and Tacitus (the Conflagration of Ronse). With Votes and a 
General Vocabulary The Notes have been adapted to Allen & Greenough's 
Grammar, pp. 532 2.00 2.50 

4. LATIN SELECTIONS. The same as the above, without 

Vocabulary, pp. 326 1.25 1.56 

5. LATIN COMPOSITION. An Introduction to Latin 

Composition. (By W F. Allen.) New edition, adapted to Allen & Green- 
ough's Grammar pp.107 1.00 1.25 

This book includes a careful review of the principles of Syntax (beginning with 

Indirect Discourse), with exercises in various styles of composition selected from 

classical authors. Also short exercises for oral practice. 

3 



GEEEK. 



I— PREPARATORY TO COLLEGE. 

FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK. Prepared to accompany 

Goodwin's Greek Grammar, and designed as an Introduction either to his Greek 
Reader or to his Selections from Xenophon and Herodotus, or to the Anabasis 
of Xenophon. By John Williams. White, A. M., Tutor in Greek in Harvard 
College. 

A series of seventy-five Lessons with progressive«Greek-English and English-Greek 
Exercises, taken mainly from the first four books of Xenophon 's Anabasis. Followed 
by a series of Additional Exercises on Forms and complete Vocabularies. These 
Lessons are carefully graded, and do not follow ihe order of arrangement of the 
Grammar, but begin the study of the verb with the second Lesson, and then pursue 
it alternately with that of the remaining parts of speech. 

LEIGHTON'S GREEK LESSONS. Prepared to accompany 

Goodwin's Greek Grammar. By R. F. Leighton, Master of Melrose High School. 
Half morocco $1.56 

This work contains about one hundred lessons, with a progressive series of exer- 
cises (both Greek and English), mainly selected from the first book of Xenophon's 
Anabasis. The exercises on the Moods are sufficient, it is believed , to develop the 
general principles as stated in the Grammar. The text of four chapters of the 
Anabasis is given entire, with notes and references. Full vocabularies accompany 
the book. 

GOODWIN'S GREEK GRAMMAR. By William W. 

Goodwin, Ph. D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 
Half morocco 1.56 

The object of this Grammar is to state general principles clearly and distinctly, 
with special regard to those who are preparing for college. The plan has been to 
exclude all detail which belongs to a book of reference, and to admit whatever will 
aid a pupil in mastering the great principles of Greek Grammar. The Syntax has 
been allowed more space, proportionally, than the statement of the forms : this has 
been done from a conviction of the author that the chief principles of Syntax are a 
more profitable study for a pupil in the earlier years of his classical course than the 
details of vowel-changes and exceptional forms which are often thought to be more 
seasonable. The sections on the Syntax of the Verb are generally condensed from 
the author's larger work on the Greek Moods and Tenses, to which advanced students, 
and especially teachers, are referred for a fuller exposition of many matters which 
are merely hinted at in the elementary grammar. The latter contains a brief state- 
ment of the author's new classification of conditional sentences, with its application 
to relative and temporal sentences, which is contained in full in the larger work, and 
which appears now for the first time in an elementary form. A catalogue of irregular 
verbs is added, which has been constructed entirely with reference to the wants of 
beginners. All forms are excluded (with a few exceptions) whieh are not found in 
the strictly classic Greek before Aristotle j and all forms which are not used by Attic 
writers are enclosed in brackets. 

l 



GOODWIN'S GREEK READER. Consisting of Extracts 

from Xenophcn, Plato, Herodotus, and Thue>dides ; being the full amount of 
Greek Vrose required for admission at Harvard. With Maps, Notes, References 
to GOODWIN'S GitEEK GRAMMA K, and parallel References to CROSBY'S and 
HADLEY'S GRAMMARS. Edited by Professor \V. VV. Goodwin, of Harvard 
College, aud J. H. Allen, Cambridge. Half morocco $2.00 

A revihed edition, to be published during the present year, will contain the first 
and second books of the Anabasis (in place of the third and fourth books of former 
editions) with copious notes, the greater part of the second book and an extract 
IVoui tae seventh of the lielienica, with the first chapter of the Memorabilia, of 
Xeuophon # , the last part of the Apology, and the beginning and end of the Phaedo, 
of Plato selections from the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus, and 
from the fourth book of Thucydides. 

GOODWIN'S SELECTIONS FROM XENOPHON 

AND HERODOTUS. Edited by Professor W. W. Goodwin and John 
Wiluams White, of Harvard Callege. 

This book will contain the first four books of the Anabasis, and the greater part 
of the second book of the Hellenica, of Xenophon ; and extracts from the sixth, 
seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus. It has been prepared for the use of 
those who from want of time or for other reasons are unable to read the greater vari- 
ety of selections in Greek Prose which are contained in Goodwin's Greek Reader. 

THE FIRST FOUR BOOKS OF THE ANABASIS 

OF XJSNOPHON. Edited, with copious Notes and References to Goodwin's 
Greek Grammar, by Proflssor W. YY. Goodwin and John Williams White, 
of Harvard College. 

LIDDELL & SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXI- 

CON. Abridged from the new Oxford Edition. New Edition. With Appendix 
of Proper and Geographical Names, by J. M. Whiton. 

Morocco back 3.00 

Sheep binding 3.50 



IN PREPARATION. 
THE FIRST THREE BOOKS OF HOMER'S ILIAD. 

By Professor F. E. Anderson and John Williams White, of Harvard College. 

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE WRITING OF 

GREEK PROSE. 



II. -COLLEGE TEXT-BOOKS. 

SYNTAX OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF THE 

CrllEEK VERB. By William W. Goodwin, Eliot Professor of Greek Litera- 
ture in Harvard University. Fifth Edition. 1 vol. 12mo. Clotb. pp. 264 . 1.75 

Thin work was first published in 1860, and it appeared in a new form — much en- 
larged and in great part rewritten — in 1865. In the present edition the whole has 
been again revised ; some sections and notes have been rewritten, and a few notes 
have bopn added. The object of the work is to give a plain statement of the princi- 
ples whi<*h govern the construction of the Greek Moods and Tenses, — the most im- 
portant and ihe most difficult part of Greek Syntax. Scholars are referred to the 
Preface for a fuller account of the principles on which the work is based, and of its 
object and scope. The index to the classic examples (more than twenty-three hun- 
dred in number) by which the work is illustrated, arranged according to authors, is 
of great value to teachers who use the book for reference in their classes. 

2 



LIDDELL & SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXI- 
CON. The sixth Oxford Edition unabridged. 4to. 

Morocco back $ 12.00 

Sheep binding VS 00 

We have made arrangements with Messrs. Maemillan & Co. to publish in this 
country their new edition of Liddell & Scott's Greek Lexicons, and are ready to 
supply the trade. 

The English editions of Liddell & Scott are not stereotyped ; but each has been 
thoroughly revised, enlarged, and printed anew. The sixth edition, published in 1869, 
is larger by one eighth than the fifth, and contains 1,865 pages. It is an entirely dif- 
ferent work from the first edition, the whole department of etymology having been 
rewritten in the light of modern investigations, and the forms of tne irregular verbs 
being given in greater detail by the aid of Yeitch's Catalogue. No student of Greek 
can afford to dispense with this invaluable Lexicon, The price of which is now for the 
first time brought within the means of the great body of American scholars. 

WILKIN'S MANUAL OP GREEK PROSE COM- 
POSITION, lvol. 12mo. Cloth 2.50 

WHITON'S SELECT ORATIONS OP LYSIAS. Com- 

prising the Defence of Mantitheus, the Oration against Eratosthenes, the 
Reply to " The Overthrow of the Democracy," and the Areopagitic Oration 
concerning the Sacred Olive-Trunk. Edited by James Morris Whiton, Ph. D. 
12mo. pp. 151. 

These orntions illustrate a period of peculiar interest in Athenian history, and 
its main incidents and characters have re- eived special attention in the Introductions 
and Notes. Students who have not at hand the larger works of reference will here 
find in condensed form all that is essential for the illustration of the text. A peculiar 
feature of the work is its compendious treatment in topical notes of those points of 
the Athenian constitution which are touched upon in the orations. Each oration is 
accompanied with a complete logical Analysis. The grammatical notes deal almost 
wholly with the syntax, — as befits a work of this grade, — and have been prepared 
with a special aim to elucidate the usage of the verb. References are made, for the 
most part, to Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, and Goodwin's and Hadley's 
Grammars. 

While this edition is designed for use in Colleges, yet the style of Lysias, on ac- 
count both of its purity and simplicity, is such that the advanced classes in Acad- 
emies will find these orations within their capacity, while also finding the subject- 
matter quite as attractive as in the authors hitherto more familiar. The quantity of 
Greek text is about fifty pages, containing about the same amount of reading-matter 
as the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis. 

THE CEDIPUS TYRANNUS OP SOPHOCLES. Ed- 

ited, for the use of Schools, with English Notes and an Introduction, by John 
Williams White, A. M. Revised Edition 1.50 

Tn this edition of the (Edipus Tyrannus the wants of a student, who in taking up 
this tragedy makes his fir.>t acquaintance with the Greek drama, have been kept 
steadily in view. The references to grammars are numerous, and have been made to 
Goodwin's Greek Grammar and to his Greek Moods and Tenses and to Hadley's 
Greek Grammar. The Text is that of Campbell. The play is freely illustrated by 
passages from the English poets, from Shakespeare in particular Following the 
Preface is a list of such editions of the tragedy as would prove valuable to the student. 
The Introduction is an adaptation of the first three parts of Schneidewin's celebrated 
Einleitung. There follow the Notes a Rh\ thmical Scheme of the Lyrical Parts of the 
Text, and a Rhythmical Commentary with full references to the u Introduction to 
the Study of the Rhythmic and Metric of the Classical Languages." 



IN PRESS. 
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE 

RHYTHMIC AND METRIC OF THE CLASSICAL LANGUAGES. 
By Dr. J. U. Heinrich Schmidt. To which will be added the Text of the 
L\rical Parts of some of the more generally read of the Greek Dramas, with 
Rhythmical schemes and Commentary. Edited from the German by John 
Williams White, A. M. , and C. II. 11i£ME>'schneii>er, Ph. D., Professor of the 
Ancient Languages in German Wallace College. 

Dr. Schmidt's " Leitfadeu in der Rliy thmik uud Metrik der Classischen Sprachen " 
is a compeud of his larger work, brought out in four volumes, 8vo, in 18G8-72, 
entiiled "' Die Kunstformen der griechischen Poesie und ihre Bedeutuug,'' and is 
designed as a manual for classes in the Greek and Latin poets. The author has re- 
vised the present translation and made important additions. Many illustrations 
from English poets have been introduced, and the work has been otherwise adapted 
to the use of English-speaking students. With a full Index. (Ntarly Ready.) 

THE MEDEA OP EURIPIDES. Edited, with Notes and 
an Introduction, by Frederic D. Allen, Ph. D., Professor in the University of 
Cincinnati. 



IN PREPARATION. 
OUTLINES OP THE COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR 

OF SANSKRIT, GREEK, AND LATIN, embracing iu small compass the 
general principles of Etymology, with full references to authorities and larger 
works ; designed as a text-book or for self-instruction By J. B. Greenough. 

PLATO'S APOLOGY OP SOCRATES AND CRITO. 

Edited, for the Use of Schools, by John Williams White, A. M. 

The basis of this work will be the German edition of Dr. Christian Cron. (Platons 
Vertheidigungsrede des Sokrates und Kriton. Sechste A ullage. Leipzig, Teubner, 
1875.) To the matter contained in Dr Cron's edition there will be added notes by 
the Editor and from other sources, analyses, and extended references to Goodwin 
and Hadley. The book will be for the class-room, and all matter not of direct value 
to the student will be rigidly excluded. 






-Boston, Jult, 1876. 
13 Tremont Place, .... BOSTON. 



Terms : Cash in Thirty Days. Wholesale and Retail Prices. 



ENGLISH. 

Wholesale. Retail. 

A MANUAL OP ENGLISH LITERATURE, Histori- 

cal and Critical : With an Appendix on English Metres. By Tuomas Ar- 
nold, M. A., of University College, Oxford. American Edition. Revised. 12mo. 
Cloth. 549 pages $ 1.60 $2.00 

This manual presents in a small compass an accurate and interesting view of Eng- 
lish literature. It is divided into two sections. The first of these, treating of the 
history of the subject, gives a complete list 01 i:he various English authors aud their 
works, from the earliest times down to the year 1850. This is no dull, dry record, 
which shall be a burdeu to the memory 5 the author has added references to foreign 
literature and such explanations and anecdotes as serve to enlighten the reader about 
the different writers and to give him a fair comprehension of the merits and charac- 
teristics of their different works. This is done more by careful accounts of the vari- 
ous books composing English literature than by making long, disconnected quota- 
tions, or by the mere heaping together of more or less appropriate adjectives. The 
different threads into which the subject naturally divides itseif are ail kept distinctly 
apart, and the comments, though brief, are apt. In the record, or critical part, the 
author's fuller remarks and illustrations serve to supplement the occasional brevity 
of the first p «rt. A great merit of the book is that it treats English literature as a 
connected whole; another, that the meagre list of facts is made palatable by discreet 
elucidation, which nowhere assumes to take the place of original study, but rather 
tends to lead the student on to independent "work. It will be found useful by begin- 
ners, and even advanced scholars will not disdain a book that is so full of useful and 
accurate, information. The subject is a vast one, but no department of it has been 
neglected by Mr. Arnold. The appendix on Metres will be found to be of value. In 
short, this is a scholarly volume. 

CARPENTER'S INTRODUCTION TO ANGLO- 

SAXON. An Introduction to the study of the Anglo-Saxon Language, Com- 
prising an Elementary Grammar, Selections for Reading with Notes, and a 
Vocabulary. By Stephen H. Carpenter, Professor of Logic and English Litera- 
ture in the University of Wisconsin, and Author of " English of the XIV. Cen- 
tury." 12mo Cloth. 212 pages .... ... 1.00 1.25 

CRAIK'S ENGLISH OF SHAKESPEARE. Illustrated 

in a Philological Commentary on his Julius Caesar, by George L. Craik, Queen's 
College, Belfast. Edited by W. J. Rolfe, Cambridge. 16mo. Cloth. 402 
pages 1.40 1.76 

ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. An 

Introduction to the study of Grammar and Composition. By Bernard Bigsby, 
Univ. Oxon., Superintendent of Public Schools, Port Huron; Author of M The 
History of the English Language." 18mo. 169 pages 40 .50 

ENGLISH OF THE XIV. CENTURY. Illustrated by 

Notes, Grammatical and Etymological, on Chaucer's Prologue and Knight's 
Tale. Designed to serve as an Introduction to the Critical Study of English. 
By Stephen H. Carpenter, A. M., Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature 
in the State University of Wisconsin. 12mo. Cloth. 327 pages . . 1.40 1.75 

1 



Wholesale. Retail. 

FITZ'S TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. Mounted and Operated 

by an entirely new Method, with a Manual designed to accompany the Globe, the 
■whole forming an easy and practical introduction to the study of Astronomy 
and Physical Geography $ 15.00 

The Globe is six inches in diameter, and is mounted in an ingenious and original 
way, for which patents have been taken out in this and in foreign countries. The 
Globe, as mounted, makes such phenomena as the seasons, the changes in the lemrth 
of day and night, etc., etc., at once clear to the appreheusion of an ordinary child. 
For the usual verbal explanations which overtask the uutraiued imagination, it sub- 
stitutes material surfaces and lines and real motious, and thus aids the mind of the 
learner in the highest possible degree iu terming correct and lasting impressions 
of phenomena which, however interesting, are in the abstract not easily under- 
stood. 

FITZ'S MANUAL. 12mo 80 1.00 

The Manual which accompanies the above Globe contains every direction for 
its use, with an explanation of the subjects which it is specially designed to illustrate, 
such as the changes in the length of day and night, the seasons, twilight, etc. 

A collection of more than forty problems is also given, with full directions for 
working them, and numerous practical exercises to be worked out by the learner on 
the Globe. Questions for examination and miscellaneous exercises are added at the 
end. 12mo. 

HUDSON'S FAMILY SHAKESPEARE : Plays selected 

and prepared, with Notes and Introductions, for Use in Families. 

Volume I., containing As You Like It, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, 
First and Second of King Henry the Fourth, Julius Caeear, and Ilumlet. 

Volume II., containing The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, King Henry the Fifth, 
King Richard the Third, King Lear, Macbeth, and Antouy and Cleopatra. 

Volume III , containing A Midsummer Night's Dream, Much Ado about Nothing, 
King Henry the Eighth, Romeo and Juliet, Cyinbeiiue, Coriolanus, and Othello. 
And Hudson's Life, Art, and Characters of Shakespeare. 2 vols. 

5 vols. Cloth 8.00 10.00 

Half morocco 12.00 15.00 

Full calf 16.00 20.00 

HUDSON'S LIFE, ART, AND CHARACTERS OF 

SHAKESPEARE. Including an Historical Sketch of the Origin uud Growth 
of the Drama in England, with Studies in the Poet's Dramatic Architecture, 
Delineation of Character, Humor, Style, and Moral Spirit, also with Critical 
Discourses on the following plays, — A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Mer- 
chant of Venice. The Merry Wives of Windsor, Much Ado about Nothing, As 
You Like It, Twelfth Night, All ; s Well that Ends Well, Measure for Measure, 
The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, King John, King Richard the Second, King 
Henry the Fourth, King Henry the Fifth, King Richard the Third, King Henry 
the Eighth, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear, 
Antony and Cleopatra, Othello, Cymbeline, and Coriolanus. In Two Volumes. 
12mo. Cloth. 969 pages 3.20 4.00 

HUDSON'S SERMONS. 16mo. Cloth .... 1.20 1.50 

HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 1st Series. 

Containing As You Like It, The Two Parts op Henry IV., 

The Merchant of Venice, Julius CjEsar, 

Twelfth Night, Hamlet. 

Selected and prepared for Use in Schools, Clubs, Classes, and Families. With In- 
troductions and Notes. By the Rev. Henry N. Hudson. 12mo. Cloth. 636 pages 1.60 2.06 

HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 2d Series. 

Containing The Tempest, King Richard the Third, 

The Winter's Tale, King Lear, 

King Henry the Fifth, Macbeth, Antony, and Cleopatra. 
12mo. Cloth 678 pages 1.60 2.00 

HUDSON'S SCHOOL SHAKESPEARE. 3d Series. 

Containing A Midsummer Night's Dream, Romeo and Juliet, 

Much Ado about Nothing, Cymbf.line, 

King Henry VIII., Othello. Coriolanus, 

12mo. Cloth. 655 pages . . . £ ... 1.60 2.00 

2 



Wholesale. Retail. 

HUDSON'S SEPARATE PLAYS OP SHAKESPEARE. 

THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. In Paper Cover .... $0.32 $0.40 

JULIUS CiESAR. In Paper Cover . . 32 .40 

HAMLET. In Paper Cover 32 .40 

Til K TEMPEST. In Paper Cover 32 .40 

MACBETH. In Paper Cover 32 .40 

HENRY THE EIGHTH. In Paper Cover 32 .40 

AS YOU LIKE IT 32 .40 

HENRY THE FOURTH. Part I. 32 .40 

KING LEAR 32 .40 

MUCH ADO ABOUT NOTHING 32 .40 

ROMEO AND JULIET 32 .40 

OTHELLO 32 .40 

A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM 32 .40 

HUDSON'S PAMPHLET SECTIONS OF TEXT- 
BOOKS OF PROSE AND POETRY. 

BURKE. Section I. Preface, Contents, and pages 113-218 . . . .32 .40 

BURKE. Section II. Life, Contents, and pages 219-325 . . . .32 .40 

WEBSTER. Section I. Preface, Contents, and pages 335- 421 . . .32 .40 

WEBSTER. Section II. Life, Contents, and pages 421-552 . . .32 .40 

BACON. Preface, Life, Contents, and p^ges 553-636 32 .40 

WORDSWORTH. Section II. Preface and pages 129 - 251 . . . .32 .40 

COLERIDGE AND BURNS. Preface and Contents 504 - 614 . . . .32 .40 

HUDSON'S TEXT-BOOK OP POETRY. From Words- 

worth, Coleridge, Burns, Beattie, Goldsmith, and Thomson. With Sketches 
of the Author's Lives. For use iu Schools and Classes. By the Rev. H. N. 

Hudson. 12mo. Cloth. 704 pages 1.60 2.00 

The aim of this work is, to do something towards an early setting and forming of 
right intellectual and literary tastes ; so that the pupil's mind on leaving school 
may be attempered to the reading of good books. And it proceeds upon the principle 
that the right way to do this is by making the student thoroughly at home with a 
few standard authors instead of dispersing him over a multitude of brief selections, 
where he cannot stay with any one author long enough to find his virtue or feel his 
power. Two thirds of the volume is filled with Wordsworth ; who has now made 
good his position as one of the five great chiefs of English poetry, and whose works 
embody, in the highest form, whatever is noblest and best in the English poetical 
literature of the last hundred years. The whole of The Excursion, the first two 
books of the Prdude, Michael, The Brothers, Tintern Abbey, Lasdamia, On the Power 
of Sound, Ode on Immortality, and a large number of smaller pieces are included. 
The selections from Coleridge are The Ancient Mariner, Christabel, Fears in Solitude, 
and eighteen other pieces. From Burns, The Cotter's Saturday Night, The Twa 
Dogs, Tarn O'Shanter, The Vision, and twenty -six other poems, and also twenty- 
nine of the songs. From Beattie, The Minstrel ; from Goldsmith, The Deserted 
Village; and from Thomson, The Castle of Indolence: these being generally regarded 
as the best poems of those authors. In all cases, except a few pieces of Words- 
worth's, the poems are given entire, as the authors wrote them. 

HUDSON'S TEXT-BOOK OP PROSE. From Burke, 

Webster, and Bacon. With Notes and Sketches of the Author's Lives. By the 
Rev. H. N. Hudson. 12mo. Cloth. 648 pages 160 2.00 

This work is intended as a sort of companion volume to the preceding. It is made 
up on the same general principle, the contents being selected with a view to unite, 
as far as may be, the culture of high and pure literary tastes with the attainment 
of liberal and useful knowledge. The selections from Burke are Letter to the Sher- 
iffs °f Bristol, Speech on Economical Reform, Speech to the Electors of Bristol, and A 
Letter to a JVoble Lord, all given entire ; also twenty-nine other pieces gathered, as 
seemed best, from the author's various works. From Webster, Speech in Reply to 
Hayne, Speech on the Presidential Protest, and discourse on The Character of Wash- 
ington ; also thirty-two shorter pieces from other speeches. From Bacon thirty 
of the fifty -eight Essays, all given entire, and several choice selections from Advance- 
ment of Learning, | 

\ 3 









r 



r 






\ 



\ 



L 



/ 








rJPMfflB 

HIuuiMamufiK 
Hfimji iiiu mint 

iHflff 

'■''' ' ' ''»;..",,. , .. 
:-....,■,,..,.■,.. 
'•"•■'••..■..!■■... 

, "' 1 "'"'"• i > 'HI 
'"' , ' * '"" ' 'MM'.. 

■'•' ' M ' ' 'MMUn.i ,. 
"MMMMMMMJIM ,.,. 




^SnTpppm™ 



>M.'MM,M .M,| H , . 

„ '"■•"» I M ) ■., M ' I m ,,.,,,.,. . 

■'! ■;"!"" ••-. 

'"■"I'l M,!|||| , 






UBRARY OF CONGRESS 




003 039 947 A 



m! ' ' " ' ■ ■ ■■ • . i ■ i - 1 

'"l.l!llM,MIHM,l| 



iinii 

'it'll 



JljlUtjlUmi 

'Ili'J.'llM. 



' "!!.'|.liHl I' I' II (If I 

• i . i • ■ ■ i . i . . 



tUJuflfluJjiTOinTfTin 



[JmIjI 



' I ; 'm i ... i jnniffiimjmnniW 

' ' ' ' ' " m i m ) * ; ■ | > , , ; ,, , , , | . , , ; , 

'■"-•'M-W.IM,. ',,.,■. 

'•^ 'ii'ifiMiiMiiiim, ,., 

■'■'" •' '■ 



'•'M.'l'i'-... -.,,., 




Huufirasni 




'••■•'mmm 

i; ""ii'MKinin 

•I '•IMllrlMi. !.:.,;.. ,. 



iiii 

iiii 



M M: .:>. i:,'.',; ,' 

HmBBH 

JJiJjJJjlilffl 



■■Iiii 






,i,, . ,; t "M).i,;,,i 
■'■»,'....,,..,,., 



